XA-phenomenon
Introduction
Introduction XA-phenomenon (X and A phenomenon): When the original eye position is slightly exotropy, the number of external oblique angles when looking directly upward is increased less than that when the gaze is directly downward. One of the clinical manifestations
Cause
Cause
(1) Causes of the disease
There are many reasons for the formation of AV signs, including factors of the extraocular muscle itself, anatomical factors, innervation factors, and genetic factors.
(two) pathogenesis
There are many reasons for the formation of the AV sign, which can be summarized as follows:
1. Reasons for horizontal muscle: Urist believes that the formation of the AV sign is related to the difference in strength between the inner and outer rectus muscles when looking up and down. In the physiological state, when the eyes are gazing upward, there is a slight increase in the separation effect (straight vision is due to the excessive action of the lateral rectus muscle, V-eotropia is due to the action of the medial rectus muscle, and A-exotropia is due to the medial rectus Insufficient strength, A-Esotropia is caused by insufficient strength of the external rectus muscle. In short, the V sign is caused by excessive muscle level, and the A sign is caused by insufficient level of muscle strength.
2. Reasons for the oblique muscle: Jampolsky believes that the strength of the superior and inferior oblique muscles is an important reason for the formation of the AV sign. Because the secondary action of the oblique muscle causes the eyeball to turn outward, when the strength of the lower oblique muscle is too strong, it can cause the V phenomenon; when the strength of the lower oblique muscle is insufficient, the phenomenon of A is caused; the strength of the superior oblique muscle is too strong and causes the phenomenon of A. Insufficient strength of the superior oblique muscle causes a V phenomenon. In short, when the horizontal inclination is increased upwards, it is caused by the reason of the inferior oblique muscle, and when the downward inclination is increased, the horizontal inclination is increased, which is caused by the upper oblique muscle. Von Noorden believes that abnormal function of the oblique muscle is a common cause of AV syndrome, and AV syndrome with abnormal anatomical function often causes rotatory strabismus. Rotational strabismus is produced by AV syndrome with abnormal anatomical function. After correction of the horizontal muscle end tilt, the squint can not be corrected. This squint was confirmed by fundus photography.
3. Causes of upper and lower rectus muscles: Brown believes that the function of the superior and inferior rectus muscles is a cause of the formation of the AV sign. Because these two muscles have a secondary effect on the intraocular rotation, the upper rectus muscle When the strength is too strong, it can cause A phenomenon; when the upper rectus muscle is weak, it will cause V phenomenon; when the lower rectus muscle is strong, it can cause V phenomenon; In short, the difference in the horizontal slope when looking directly above is caused by the cause of the superior rectus muscle, and the difference in the horizontal slope when looking directly below is caused by the lower rectus muscle.
4. Reasons for horizontal-vertical rectus The person who holds this opinion believes that the AV sign is caused by abnormalities in both the horizontal and vertical muscles, and is not caused by the abnormality of a certain muscle alone. Some patients may be mainly caused by excessive or weak horizontal muscles, resulting in secondary changes in vertical muscles; while others may be mainly excessive or weak in vertical muscle function, leading to secondary changes in horizontal muscles. , or changes in both horizontal and vertical muscle function to form an AV sign.
5. Anatomical reasons
(1) The AV sign is related to the shape of the face: such as the Mongolian-like face (upward movement of the outer crotch) can cause A-inner and V-external; and the anti-Mongolian (Caucasian) face (no change in the outer crotch) A bit or a slight shift) can cause A-outer skew and V-inner skew.
(2) Fascia abnormalities: such as Brown's superior oblique sheath syndrome often combined with V-external oblique, which is due to the lack of elasticity of the superior oblique muscle sheath, resulting in forced abduction during the upturn. In Johnson's adhesion syndrome, mechanical distribution can also occur when rotating vertically.
(3) abnormal muscle attachment point: Some people think that some patients with V phenomenon have higher attachment points of the medial rectus tendon than normal, and the attachment position of the lateral rectus tendon is lower than normal. In addition, the advance or backward movement of the attachment point may also cause an AV sign.
6. Causes of innervation Clinically, the AV sign is rarely caused by anatomical factors, but it is more common due to paralytic factors. Because it can be seen from the definition of AV sign, it is a subtype horizontal strabismus with vertical non-common strabismus, which means that regardless of the horizontal slope or vertical slope, the muscles are too strong. Or too weak imbalance. The vertical rectus and oblique muscles are mainly inconclusive, both horizontal and vertical muscles have effects, but the two of them are most important and cannot be explained clearly. The vertical muscles have both neurological and mechanical effects, while the horizontal muscles are Muscles may be more prominent when they are too strong or too weak. In addition, there is also a physiological V phenomenon, that is, in the case where there is no strabismus in the original eye position, when the eye is gazing upward, an external oblique can be generated (up to 17 ), and when looking downward, an A phenomenon can be generated (up to 5 ). There are many, this may be related to the innervation factor.
7. Causes of abnormal convergence and fusion function When looking down, if you can't keep the fusion, you can produce the A phenomenon; when you can't keep the fusion when you look up, you can produce the V phenomenon, which is common in intermittent exotropia.
8. Genetic factors There are few reports on genetic factors related to AV signs in the literature. In China, a case of 11 cases of V-exotropia in 5 generations was reported, which is autosomal dominant. Only one case of surgery was performed, and no abnormality of extraocular muscle adhesion was observed during the operation.
In short, among the above factors, the pathogenesis of all cases cannot be explained by a simple cause, but it is mainly caused by the cause of extraocular muscles.
Examine
an examination
Related inspection
Ophthalmoscopy
1. Clinical type and performance
There are many types of AV signs in the literature, and Urist divides them into V-internal, A-internal, V-external and A-external. On the basis of Urist classification, Costenbader added four rare phenomena, namely X, Y, (inverted Y) and (diamond), and then X phenomenon was divided into XA and XV.
(1) A-esotropia: also known as esotropia A sign, esotropia Aphenomenon, A-endotropy, convergent strabismus A syndrome That is, the number of internal inclinations increases when viewed from the top, and the number of internal inclinations decreases or even disappears when viewed from the front. When looking far and near, the internal inclination is almost equal. When the eye is turned inward and downward, the upper oblique muscle function is too strong, and the eyeball is invaded when the eye position is received. The patient may have a mandibular uplift.
(2) V-esotropia: also known as esotropia V sign, esotropia Vphenomenon, V-internal, convergegent strabismus V syndrome That is, the number of internal slopes increases as you look down, and the number of internal slopes becomes smaller or even disappears when viewed from the top. The internal oblique angle is much larger than the farsightedness, and the lower oblique muscle function is often too strong. The patient may have a mandibular adduction performance, and the two eyes have a small solid vision and often have a horror.
(3) A-exotropia: also known as exotropia A sign, exotropia Aphenomenon, A-external oblique, strabismus A syndrome (divergent strabismus A syndrome) ), that is, when viewed from directly above, the number of external slopes becomes smaller or even disappears, and when viewed from directly below, the number of external slopes increases. Look at the distance, there is no change in the number of near-outside slopes, often the upper oblique muscle function is too strong, and the eyeball is invaginated when the eye position is received. The patient may have a mandibular adduction performance, a small solid vision of both eyes, and often have a horror. (4) V-exotropia: also known as exotropia V sign, exotropia Vphenomenon, V-external oblique, strabismus V syndrome (divergent strabismus V syndrome) ), that is, when the angle is upward, the number of external slopes increases, while when viewed directly below, the number of external slopes decreases or even disappears. The external slope is much larger than the near view (the separation is too strong), and the lower oblique muscles are often too strong. The patient may have a mandible lifting phenomenon.
(5) X-phenomenon: X-phenomenon: that is, in the original eye position, the orthodontic or slight exotropia, when viewed directly above or below, the external inclination increases, showing an "X" shape.
(6) XA-phenomenon (X and A phenomenon): When the original eye position is slightly exotropy, the number of external oblique angles when looking upwards is increased less than when the direct oblique angle is observed.
(7) XV-phenomenon (X and V phenomenon): When the original eye position is slightly exotropy, the number of external oblique angles when looking upwards is much larger than the number of external obliques when looking directly downward.
(8) -phenomenon: -phenomenon: When the original eye position, the number of internal inclination is small or no internal oblique, and the number of internal inclination increases when looking upward and directly below.
(9) Y-phenomenon: Y-phenomenon: When the original eye position and the direct downward gaze, the number of external inclination is small or no external oblique, and the number of external inclination is significantly increased when looking directly above. It is a variation of V-exotropia.
(10) - Phenomenon (-phenomenon): The number of external inclinations is small or no external oblique when the original eye position and the upper eye are gazing, and the number of external inclination increases when looking directly below. It is also a variant of V-external strabismus or a reverse type of Y-phenomena.
2. Diagnostic criteria
The National Children's Amblyopia Prevention and Treatment Group (1987) of the Chinese Medical Association Ophthalmology Society stipulates that the diagnostic criteria for AV signs are:
(1) External oblique V sign: The slope when looking upward is larger than that when looking down (15, 8°~9°).
(2) Internal oblique V sign: The slope when looking upward is smaller than that when looking down (15, 8°~9°).
(3) Exotropia A sign: The slope when looking upwards is smaller than when looking down (10, 5°~6°).
(4) Internal oblique A sign: The inclination when looking upward is larger than that when looking down (10, 5°~6°).
1. According to the patient's clinical manifestations and eyeball examination results, the diagnosis can be confirmed.
2. Diagnostic criteria
The difference between the gaze at the upward gaze and the downward gaze must be 10 to diagnose the A phenomenon; the difference between the two must be 15 to diagnose the V phenomenon, because the normal person is also mild when looking down. set. In order to further judge whether the AV phenomenon is a simple horizontal muscle factor or a vertical muscle factor, the strabismus measurement of each diagnostic eye position should be performed by a prism plus covering method or a collimator. Normal retinal counterparts can also be found with the same visual acuity and accompanied by rotatory strabismus (which can also be confirmed by fundus photography), which is helpful for the development of surgical treatment.
Diagnosis
Differential diagnosis
1. Clinical type and performance
There are many types of AV signs in the literature, and Urist divides them into V-internal, A-internal, V-external and A-external. On the basis of Urist classification, Costenbader added four rare phenomena, namely X, Y, (inverted Y) and (diamond), and then X phenomenon was divided into XA and XV.
(1) A-esotropia: also known as esotropia A sign, esotropia Aphenomenon, A-endotropy, convergent strabismus A syndrome That is, the number of internal inclinations increases when viewed from the top, and the number of internal inclinations decreases or even disappears when viewed from the front. When looking far and near, the internal inclination is almost equal. When the eye is turned inward and downward, the upper oblique muscle function is too strong, and the eyeball is invaded when the eye position is received. The patient may have a mandibular uplift.
(2) V-esotropia: also known as esotropia V sign, esotropia Vphenomenon, V-internal, convergegent strabismus V syndrome That is, the number of internal slopes increases as you look down, and the number of internal slopes becomes smaller or even disappears when viewed from the top. The internal oblique angle is much larger than the farsightedness, and the lower oblique muscle function is often too strong. The patient may have a mandibular adduction performance, and the two eyes have a small solid vision and often have a horror.
(3) A-exotropia: also known as exotropia A sign, exotropia Aphenomenon, A-external oblique, strabismus A syndrome (divergent strabismus A syndrome) ), that is, when viewed from directly above, the number of external slopes becomes smaller or even disappears, and when viewed from directly below, the number of external slopes increases. Look at the distance, there is no change in the number of near-outside slopes, often the upper oblique muscle function is too strong, and the eyeball is invaginated when the eye position is received. The patient may have a mandibular adduction performance, a small solid vision of both eyes, and often have a horror.
(4) V-exotropia: also known as exotropia V sign, exotropia Vphenomenon, V-external oblique, strabismus V syndrome (divergent strabismus V syndrome) ), that is, when the angle is upward, the number of external slopes increases, while when viewed directly below, the number of external slopes decreases or even disappears. The external slope is much larger than the near view (the separation is too strong), and the lower oblique muscles are often too strong. The patient may have a mandible lifting phenomenon.
(5) X-phenomenon: X-phenomenon: that is, in the original eye position, the orthodontic or slight exotropia, when viewed directly above or below, the external inclination increases, showing an "X" shape.
(6) XA-phenomenon (X and A phenomenon): When the original eye position is slightly exotropy, the number of external oblique angles when looking upwards is increased less than when the direct oblique angle is observed.
(7) XV-phenomenon (X and V phenomenon): When the original eye position is slightly exotropy, the number of external oblique angles when looking upwards is much larger than the number of external obliques when looking directly downward.
(8) -phenomenon: -phenomenon: When the original eye position, the number of internal inclination is small or no internal oblique, and the number of internal inclination increases when looking upward and directly below.
(9) Y-phenomenon: Y-phenomenon: When the original eye position and the direct downward gaze, the number of external inclination is small or no external oblique, and the number of external inclination is significantly increased when looking directly above. It is a variation of V-exotropia.
(10) - Phenomenon (-phenomenon): The number of external inclinations is small or no external oblique when the original eye position and the upper eye are gazing, and the number of external inclination increases when looking directly below. It is also a variant of V-external strabismus or a reverse type of Y-phenomena.
2. Diagnostic criteria The National Children's Amblyopia Prevention and Treatment Group (1987) of the Chinese Medical Association Ophthalmology Society stipulates that the diagnostic criteria for AV signs are:
(1) External oblique V sign: The slope when looking upward is larger than that when looking down (15, 8°~9°).
(2) Internal oblique V sign: The slope when looking upward is smaller than that when looking down (15, 8°~9°).
(3) Exotropia A sign: The slope when looking upwards is smaller than when looking down (10, 5°~6°).
(4) Internal oblique A sign: The inclination when looking upward is larger than that when looking down (10, 5°~6°).
1. According to the patient's clinical manifestations and eyeball examination results, the diagnosis can be confirmed.
2. Diagnostic criteria
The difference between the gaze at the upward gaze and the downward gaze must be 10 to diagnose the A phenomenon; the difference between the two must be 15 to diagnose the V phenomenon, because the normal person is also mild when looking down. set. In order to further judge whether the AV phenomenon is a simple horizontal muscle factor or a vertical muscle factor, the strabismus measurement of each diagnostic eye position should be performed by a prism plus covering method or a collimator. Normal retinal counterparts can also be found with the same visual acuity and accompanied by rotatory strabismus (which can also be confirmed by fundus photography), which is helpful for the development of surgical treatment.
