olfactory brain
Introduction
Introduction No olfactory brain malformation is one of the clinical manifestations of fetal alcohol syndrome. Fetal alcoholic syndrome (FAS) refers to the mother's alcoholism during pregnancy, which causes the fetus to grow and develop in the uterus and after birth. The main clinical features of fetal alcohol syndrome are: low intelligence, special face and various deformities. Newborns often present with sucking and sleep disorders. Most of the children have irritability, hyperactivity and tremor. These symptoms are similar to alcohol withdrawal syndrome except for persistence.
Cause
Cause
Fetal alcohol syndrome - cause
Its occurrence may be related to the direct damage of intrauterine fetus by alcohol. It is found that the hyperplasia of the placenta of a large number of alcohol-promoting mothers may indirectly affect the fetal dysplasia or malformation. In addition, fetal alcohol syndrome may also be related to the toxic effects of aldehyde, a metabolite of alcohol oxidation, on cells, leading to developmental disorders of fetal nerve cells.
Fetal alcohol syndrome - pathogenesis
Although this fetal syndrome is undoubtedly associated with severe alcohol abuse in the mother, the mechanism by which alcohol causes these effects is not well understood in humans and animal alcohols can pass through the placenta, although the toxic effects of acetaldehyde and smoking and the nutritional deficiencies cannot be fully Exclusion of alcohol in mice, rats, chickens, miniature pigs and beagle dogs has embryotoxic and teratogenic effects. It has been suggested that blood containing alcohol through the placenta and elevated prostaglandins caused by alcohol is a mechanism for alcohol damage to embryo growth and development, but it has not been confirmed.
Clarren et al found a wide range of pial glial ectopic and obstructive hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus can be secondary to the dense displacement of glial cells around the brainstem, as well as neuronal neuronal translocation and corpuscular dysplasia. Peiffer et al. list a variety of generalized malformations, including the same as Dandy-Walker syndrome. Cerebellar ectopic schizophrenia, corpus callosum dysplasia and olfactory brain malformation.
A typical child with FAS is seen only in infants born to women who are extremely alcohol abused and who continue to drink alcohol throughout pregnancy (most have tremors and liver lesions). The limits of the degree of alcohol abuse in the mothers who develop FAS syndrome and the critical period of FAS during pregnancy remain unclear. It is estimated that the above various teratogenic effects occur in the embryonic phase, mostly within the first two months of embryonic development. Other non-teratogenic effects are associated with exposure to extra-high alcohol levels in pregnant embryos.
Examine
an examination
Related inspection
Systemic fetal ultrasound examination of olfactory nerve
Fetal alcohol syndrome - clinical manifestations
1. Special face and various deformities: The length of the affected fetus is relatively short; there are many short eyes, small creases in the internal folds, squint in the myopia, sagging in the saddle nose and nostrils, and thinning in the upper lip. Medium convex, too long or absent; flat dysplasia in the middle of the face, posterior rotation of the ear or hypoplasia, mandibular retraction (infancy), mandibular or maxillary protrusion (adult) Cleft lip and cleft palate are more common in the general population. The palms present longitudinal palm prints, finger flexion deformities, and/or other joint movement limitations may also have cardiac malformations (typically ventricular septal defects) and abnormalities of the external genitalia. With the increase of age, there may be hydrocephalus caused by microcephaly or brain stem deformity, meningocele and lumbosacral lipoma. There are also reports of corpus callosum, olfactory brain, brain penetrating malformations, thalamic and hypothalamic dysplasia and sponge-like changes, as well as syringomyelia.
Half of the children who passed the neonatal period did not reach the normal standard of weight, height and head circumference even if they had an ideal environment for growth.
2. Newborns often show sucking and sleep disorders. Most children have irritability, hyperactivity and tremor. These symptoms are similar to alcohol withdrawal syndrome except for persistence.
3. Children often have different degrees of mental retardation: the existing distraction, carelessness, hyperactivity and fine motor incompatibility, these are prominent symptoms of children in early childhood, this child can often be diagnosed as attention Force defect syndrome. 80% of children with fetal alcohol syndrome may have language impairments, mainly due to difficulty in making single words or whole sentences.
complication:
Diverse manifestations, can also occur with large vascular malformations, renal malformations or dysplasia, ureteral urogenital fistula, bone malformation hemangioma. Therefore, the corresponding dysfunction can exist at the same time.
Fetal alcohol syndrome - diagnosis
Mainly according to the mother's history of alcohol abuse during pregnancy, the child has mental retardation and special face. Prenatal and postnatal developmental stagnation and other parts of the deformity can be confirmed.
If the child has only partial manifestations of the syndrome, the mother is a serious drinker, the diagnosis is more difficult. The FAS syndrome, which is not fully developed, is called fetal alcohol, and its incidence is more difficult to determine.
Differential diagnosis:
Note the differentiation from other hereditary diseases with facial deformities.
Fetal alcohol syndrome - check
Laboratory inspection:
Researchers at Wayne University in the United States reported in a new issue of the Journal of Clinical and Experimental Research on Alcoholism that they found that the fatty acid ethyl ester contained in the fetus's fetus is a very reliable biomarker that can show the fetus. To what extent is exposed to the alcohol environment. This biomarker can also be used to study the effects of alcohol on the brain during fetal development.
Alcohol binds to a specific fatty acid in the body to form fatty acid ethyl esters when drinking alcohol. These biomarkers are deposited in human tissues and are also present in fetal urine or fetus during fetal development. Fetal stools are dark green dregs that collect in the small intestine of the abdomen and are excreted when the fetus is born or near birth.
Other auxiliary inspections:
Prenatal B-ultrasound may reveal some obvious deformities.
Diagnosis
Differential diagnosis
To be associated with brain developmental disorders, cerebellar malformation, brain dysplasia, resulting in mental retardation. Children's brain developmental disorder refers to a condition in which cerebral dysplasia in children is characterized by a decrease in the development or damage of brain nerve cells caused by mental retardation and growth retardation. Cerebellar malformation: the anterior iliac crest is almost closed, the bilateral frontal lobe is small, and the extra-brain gap is wide. The development of the head is obviously limited, and there is a phenomenon of brain development.
Fetal alcohol syndrome - clinical manifestations
1. Special face and various deformities: the length of the affected fetus is relatively short; there are many short ocular tears, obvious strabismus in the internal folds, ptosis in the myopia, sagging in the nose or nostrils, and thinning in the upper lip. Medium convex, too long or absent; flat dysplasia in the middle of the face, posterior rotation of the ear or hypoplasia, mandibular retraction (infancy), mandibular or maxillary protrusion (adult) Cleft lip and cleft palate are more common in the general population. The palms present longitudinal palm prints, finger flexion deformities, and/or other joint movement limitations may also have cardiac malformations (typically ventricular septal defects) and abnormalities of the external genitalia. With the increase of age, there may be hydrocephalus caused by microcephaly or brain stem deformity, meningocele and lumbosacral lipoma. There are also reports of corpus callosum, olfactory brain, brain penetrating malformations, thalamic and hypothalamic dysplasia and sponge-like changes, as well as syringomyelia.
Half of the children who passed the neonatal period did not reach the normal standard of weight, height and head circumference even if they had an ideal environment for growth.
2. Newborns often show sucking and sleep disorders. Most children have irritability, hyperactivity and tremor. These symptoms are similar to alcohol withdrawal syndrome except for persistence.
3. Children often have different levels of mental retardation, such as distraction, carelessness, hyperactivity and fine motor incompatibility. These are the prominent symptoms of children in early childhood. This child can often be diagnosed as attention. Defective syndrome. 80% of children with fetal alcohol syndrome may have language impairments, mainly due to difficulty in making single words or whole sentences.
complication:
Diverse manifestations, can also occur with large vascular malformations, renal malformations or dysplasia, ureteral urogenital fistula, bone malformation hemangioma. Therefore, the corresponding dysfunction can exist at the same time.
Fetal alcohol syndrome - diagnosis
Mainly according to the mother's history of alcohol abuse during pregnancy, the child has mental retardation and special face. Prenatal and postnatal developmental stagnation and other parts of the deformity can be confirmed.
If the child has only partial manifestations of the syndrome, the mother is a serious drinker, the diagnosis is more difficult. The FAS syndrome, which is not fully developed, is called fetal alcohol, and its incidence is more difficult to determine.
Differential diagnosis:
Note the differentiation from other hereditary diseases with facial deformities.
Fetal alcohol syndrome - check
Laboratory inspection:
Researchers at Wayne University in the United States reported in a new issue of the Journal of Clinical and Experimental Research on Alcoholism that they found that the fatty acid ethyl ester contained in the fetus's fetus is a very reliable biomarker that can show the fetus. To what extent is exposed to the alcohol environment. This biomarker can also be used to study the effects of alcohol on the brain during fetal development.
Alcohol binds to a specific fatty acid in the body to form fatty acid ethyl esters when drinking alcohol. These biomarkers are deposited in human tissues and are also present in fetal urine or fetus during fetal development. Fetal stools are dark green dregs that collect in the small intestine of the abdomen and are excreted when the fetus is born or near birth.
Other auxiliary inspections:
Prenatal B-ultrasound may reveal some obvious deformities.
