Supraclavicular and anterior scalene lymphadenopathy
Introduction
Introduction One of the signs of lung cancer, the supraclavicular and anterior scalene lymph nodes are enlarged and hardened and can be clearly touched.
Cause
Cause
(1) Smoking
Long-term smoking can cause proliferation of bronchial epithelial cells and induce squamous cell carcinoma or undifferentiated small cell carcinoma. Those who have no smoking habits may also have lung cancer but adenocarcinoma is more common.
(2) Air pollution
(3) Occupational factors
Long-term exposure to radioactive substances such as uranium and radium and their derivatives can induce lung cancer, mainly squamous cell carcinoma and undifferentiated small cell carcinoma.
(4) Chronic diseases of the lungs, such as tuberculosis, silicosis, pneumoconiosis, etc., can coexist with lung cancer. The incidence of cancer in these cases is higher than that of normal people. In addition, chronic inflammation of the lung and bronchus, as well as lung fiber scar lesions may cause squamous metaplasia or hyperplasia during the healing process, on the basis of which some cases may develop into cancer.
(5) Factors in the human body, such as family inheritance, as well as decreased immune function, metabolic activity, and endocrine dysfunction.
Examine
an examination
Related inspection
Sputum microscopy X-ray lipiodol angiography
Imaging and physical examination can be diagnosed.
Diagnosis
Differential diagnosis
1. Squamous cell carcinoma (also known as squamous cell carcinoma): the most common type of lung cancer, accounting for about 50%. The majority of the sick age is over 50 years old, with males accounting for the majority. Most originate from larger bronchial tubes, often central type lung cancer. Although the degree of differentiation of squamous cell carcinoma is different, it generally grows slowly, has a long course of disease, and is sensitive to radiation and chemotherapy. First, lymphatic metastasis occurred, and blood transfer occurred later.
2. Undifferentiated cancer: The incidence rate is second only to squamous cell carcinoma, more common in men, and the age of onset is lighter. Generally originated from the larger bronchi. Central lung cancer can be divided into oat cells, small round cells and large cells according to the morphology of tissue cells. Among them, oat cells are the most common. Undifferentiated carcinomas have high malignancy, rapid growth and early lymphatic and hematogenous extensive metastasis. They are sensitive to radiation and chemotherapy, and have the worst prognosis in all types of lung cancer.
3. Adenocarcinoma: originated from the bronchial mucosa epithelium, a small number of mucinous glands originating from the bronchus are lower than squamous cell carcinoma and undifferentiated carcinoma, and the age of onset is relatively small, and women are relatively common. Most adenocarcinomas originate in smaller bronchi and are peripheral lung cancer. In the early stage, there are usually no obvious clinical symptoms, which are often found in chest x-ray examinations. They appear as round or elliptical masses. Generally, they grow slowly but sometimes bloody metastasis occurs early, and lymphatic metastasis occurs later.
4. Alveolar cell carcinoma: originated from the bronchial mucosa epithelium, also known as bronchioloalveolar cell carcinoma or bronchioles, and the site is around the lung field. The incidence rate is the lowest among all types of lung cancer, and women are more common. Generally, the degree of differentiation is relatively high, and the growth is slow. The cancer cells grow along the bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar walls without invading the alveolar septum. Lymphatic and hematogenous metastases occur later, but can spread to other lungs via the bronchus or invade the pleura. There are two types of alveolar cell carcinoma in the form of nodular and diffuse. The former can be a single nodule or multiple nodules, the latter resembling pneumonia. Nodular surgical resection with limited lesions is effective.
