Widening the distance between the breasts
Introduction
Introduction Living in the plateau (such as the northeast, north, northwest), the southwestern region with insufficient sunshine and too humid and the smoking population have a high prevalence rate and increase with age, and more than 91.2% of patients are over 41 years old. There is no significant difference between men and women. The distance between the two breasts is wider than usual, with hypogonadism.
Cause
Cause
Patients have a history of chronic cough, cough, or asthma, with progressive fatigue and difficulty breathing. Physical examination showed obvious emphysema manifestations, including barrel chest, lung percussion showed excessive unvoiced sound, liver dullness upper bound decreased, heart dull tone narrowed, and even disappeared. The auscultation sound is low, there may be dry and wet rales, the heart sound is light, and sometimes it can only be heard under the xiphoid. The second sound of the pulmonary artery is hyperthyroidized, and there is a significant heart beat under the upper abdomen xiphoid process, which is the main manifestation of the disease involving the heart. The jugular vein may have mild anger, but the venous pressure is not significantly increased. Autosomal dysplasia.
Examine
an examination
Related inspection
Breast ultrasound examination of breast biopsy
A cytogenetic examination can be used for diagnosis. The chromosome carries genetic material. Understanding the structure and function of chromosomes is one of the important tasks of genetics. Abnormalities in chromosome number and structure are associated with many diseases, including hereditary diseases associated with obstetrics and gynaecology. Therefore, chromosome analysis under the microscope is a useful tool for examining and diagnosing gynecological genetic disorders.
1. Pointer for cytogenetic analysis:
1 affirm and exclude the diagnosis of certain known chromosomal syndromes;
2 sexual differentiation and developmental abnormalities;
3 infertility;
4 repeated abortion or stillbirth;
5 pregnancy screening by pregnant women or fetal ultrasound shows a pregnancy with aneuploidy risk;
6 Genetic studies of gynecologic tumors.
2. Sources of specimens for cytogenetic examination:
The staining system is prepared from cells in the division. These cells can be taken directly from fresh tissue, such as villous tissue; they can also be obtained from cell culture, such as culture of amniocytes. The most widely used specimen for karyotyping is peripheral blood, and the chromosomes from which T lymphocytes are prepared are analyzed.
3, chromosome banding:
Air-dried chromosome droplets must be suitable for staining before being placed under a microscope for karyotyping.
1 chromosome staining
Using a dye that is affinity for DNA, such as Giemsa, can make the chromosomes dark. This staining method can be used to examine the fragile portion of the chromosome, the chromosome break syndrome, and the chromosomal damage caused by radiation.
2 G banding
This is a routine method of analyzing human chromosome diseases.
3 R tape
One disadvantage of the G banding is that the telomere region is lightly stained, and the R banding can be used to obtain a dyed band pattern that is exactly opposite to the G band.
4 Q band and DNPI band
The Q band was stained with quinacridone nitrogen mustard, and the chromosome showed a different type of fluorescent band under ultraviolet light, and its band type was the same as G band. The Q band can be used to identify the satellite region of the centromere chromosome.
5 C banding and anti-dyeing tape
These two banding methods are less common.
6 nucleolar organizer region (NOR) silver staining.
4. Flow karyotype analysis:
For cell suspension specimens, flow cytometry can be used for flow karyotyping. Flow karyotyping can measure the DNA content of individual chromosomes. The chromosome suspension was fluorescently stained, and then the fluorescence intensity of each chromosome excited by the laser was measured using a photon amplifier. This test can be used for sex identification, detection of aneuploidy, and determination of abnormal chromosome size.
5. In situ hybridization technology:
Probes for in situ hybridization can be labeled with either nuclides or fluorescein. The use of fluorescence in situ hybridization techniques has become more common in recent years. If multiple-color fluorescent labels are used, multiple probes can be used at once to examine multiple specific DNA sequences. For example, multi-color fluorescence in situ hybridization can be combined with the help of digital fluorescence microscopy and imaging processing systems to achieve enhanced resolution and correctness of chromosome analysis.
Diagnosis
Differential diagnosis
Should be differentiated from the common breast expansion.
Thoracic external expansion means that the breast is long on both sides and does not form a cleavage.
