brain insufficiency
Introduction
Introduction The brain consists of hundreds of millions of nerve cells and synapses above 1014, with extremely complex structures and functions. The brain is the center that regulates the functions of various systems and organs, and participates in advanced neurological activities such as learning, memory, comprehensive analysis, and consciousness. Abnormal brain function has different degrees of influence on people's spirit, emotion, behavior, consciousness and almost all organ functions. Brain dysfunction means that the brain function caused by certain causes cannot be fully exerted, or the body can not perform normal conscious emotional activities, thus having a certain impact on the body.
Cause
Cause
(1) Acute brain injury:
Intracranial diffuse infection (encephalitis, meningitis, cerebral malaria).
Extensive brain trauma (concussion, brain contusion).
Subarachnoid hemorrhage; hypertensive encephalopathy.
(2) Acute brain poisoning:
Endogenous toxin damage
(1) Neurotransmitter abnormalities.
(2) Abnormal energy metabolism.
(3) Neuronal membrane damage.
2. Exogenous toxin damage
(3) Intracranial space-occupying and destructive injury:
Traumatic intracranial hematoma, brain tumors, intracranial focal infections (such as brain abscess, epidural abscess, etc.), and granulomas (such as schistosomiasis, cryptococcus, tuberculosis, etc.).
Cerebral infarction, brain stem infarction, cerebral hemo
Examine
an examination
Related inspection
Brain function imaging brain CT examination brain MRI examination EEG examination brain nerve examination
1. Carefully ask the relevant medical history and collect relevant clinical data.
2. Closely check the patient to clearly understand the clinical symptoms of the patient.
3, appropriate physical examination of the patient, a preliminary understanding of the morphological changes of the various organs of the patient.
4. Perform relevant equipment examinations on patients and conduct laboratory tests as appropriate.
5, comprehensive consideration of various inspection results, combined with the clinical symptoms of various organ damage, and finally draw a corresponding diagnosis.
Diagnosis
Differential diagnosis
Myoclonic cerebellar coordination disorder: The prevalence of men and women is basically the same, and most of them start from 7 to 21 years old. The clinical features are myoclonus, cerebellar dysfunction, with or without a comprehensive episode of epilepsy. Myoclonus is the most common and earliest symptom of this disease. In the years before the onset of cerebellar dysfunction, the patient has had myoclonus. Myoclonus is diffuse, arrhythmia, uncoordinated, sudden and transient, limited to a part of the muscles or the whole group of muscles. Often induced or aggravated by changes in body position, photoacoustic stimulation, light sleep, mood changes, etc. Cerebellar dysfunction such as dysarthria, intentional tremor, poor distance, poor rotation, limb ataxia is more pronounced than tonic ataxia. The tremor is more severe in the upper limbs than in the lower limbs. In severe cases, there is a flapping tremor. The degree of cerebellar symptoms and myoclonus may not be parallel. Patients with no obvious myoclonus may have persistent head shaking or tremors. Very few cases may have a mental decline, and some cases have seizures, and the form of seizures is generally a comprehensive myoclonus-tonic seizure.
Cerebellar ataxia is the most common symptom of (hereditional ataxia), and almost 100% of patients with IAs have ataxia. Cerebellar ataxia can be observed through the daily activities of IAs patients, such as dressing, buttoning, water, writing, eating, speech, gait, etc. Unstable walking, gait squatting, inflexible movements, and wide legs when walking; adult patients cannot walk straight when walking. Suddenly left and right, the curve progresses, showing the pace of the scissors, showing a "Z" shape forward deflection, and trying to use the upper limbs to help maintain the stability of the body. The change in muscle tone can be changed to a sputum state as the lesion can be reduced, and the ataxia gait can also be transformed into a sacral ataxia gait. Standing unsteady, leaning forward or shaking sideways. When standing on the toes or standing on the heels, the shaking is more stable and the fall is often the patient's early complaint. Patients often say: "When walking a path or an uneven road, walking is more stable and more likely to fall." As the disease progresses, the patient may behave in an unstable or inability to stay in bed.
Hypothalamic damage: There are many causes of hypothalamic syndrome. Sometimes it is difficult to diagnose. You must ask the medical history in detail and comprehensively analyze the results of each test. In addition to the diagnosis of this disease, the cause should be further investigated. Commonly used tests: 1 measure the release of hormones in the hypothalamus; 2 measure the pituitary and target gland endocrine hormones under water and TRH, LRH stimulation test and insulin tolerance test; 3 cerebrospinal fluid examination; 4 EEG; 5X line head flat film, cerebral angiography, head CT and MRI.
Children's brain developmental disorder refers to a condition in which cerebral dysplasia in children is characterized by a decrease in the development or damage of brain nerve cells caused by mental retardation and growth retardation. Clinical manifestations include: mental retardation, hearing impairment, developmental delay, light intelligence close to normal or low, multi-lingual or dumb, hyperactive or sluggish, movements are not evasive, attention is difficult to concentrate, emotional instability is impulsive, Dreams, enuresis, etc.; severe dementia, hooliganism, aphasia, misuse, partiality, full sputum, strong crying, strong laugh, incontinence and so on.
