facial deformity
Introduction
Introduction A variety of head and face deformities are caused by abnormalities in the first and second thoracic ridges that form the facial bones and ears at 2 months of gestation. These malformations include cleft lip and palate: Treacher Collin (mandibular dysplasia), Goldenen (eye, ear, vertebral hypoplasia), Pierre Robin and Warardenbury syndrome; increased distance between organs, external and middle ear malformations. Most infants with head and face deformities have normal intelligence and development. Facial deformities require treatment through plastic surgery. Cleft palate affects the development of eating and language.
Cause
Cause
First, the tumor
Tumor has been one of the main causes of acquired deformity or defect of the maxillofacial region in recent years. Most of the maxillofacial deformities caused by the tumor itself are benign tumors, most of which are congenital malformations, such as hamartoma, tubular tumor, neurofibroma. A small number of non-congenital tumors, such as jaw cysts, odontogenic tumors, etc., can cause asymmetry deformity due to factors such as the development of tumors and other factors. For malignant tumors, most of them are different degrees of defects or deformities due to surgical treatment. The later the disease, the more the resected tissue, the larger the deformity defect. In addition, radiation therapy can also lead to tissue defects, especially in radiation osteonecrosis, or developmental inhibition and tissue atrophy due to radiotherapy.
Second, the damage
With the rapid development of China's transportation industry and the improvement of modernization, oral and maxillofacial deformities and defects caused by traffic accidents have been increasing. Secondly, life trauma, life trauma, including childhood fall injury is the main cause of one side (or bilateral) temporomandibular joint damage, partial jaw (or small jaw) deformity, and sometimes it can be accompanied by mouth opening, resulting in authenticity The temporomandibular joint is stiff.
Third, inflammation
Non-specific inflammation of soft tissue can cause malformation, but generally does not cause tissue defects. Inflammation of the maxillofacial bone, due to osteonecrosis, dissolution or separation, often results in varying degrees of maxillofacial deformity. Deformity can be caused by the bone defect itself, but also due to the development of the jaw growth center, such as the destruction of the sacral process in childhood. Specific inflammation, including syphilis and tuberculosis, can cause soft and hard tissue defects and deformities in the maxillofacial region. The gum of late syphilis can cause perforation of the ankle; syphilis can also cause the next generation of nasal malformation, the typical saddle nose. Due to the continuous improvement of health care conditions, gangrenous stomatitis has become increasingly rare, because it can cause large pieces of soft tissue or bone tissue necrosis, and often due to severe scar contracture, resulting in closed jaw, resulting in false temporomandibular joint rigidity, so still Should pay attention to.
Examine
an examination
Related inspection
Systemic fetal ultrasound
It can be diagnosed by examining the patient's face, mouth, teeth, etc. Four-dimensional color ultrasound is a four-dimensional imaging technology (4D), which can visually and stereoscopically display the three-dimensional structure of human organs and dynamically and observe the three-dimensional structure in real time. The previous two-dimensional imaging technology can only display some aspects of human organs. In obstetrics and gynaecology, Siwei Color Doppler can perform ultrasound examination of the fetus to stereoscopically display the color, surface, and development of the fetus, and even the state of the fetus in the mother can be observed; for fetal malformations, such as cleft lip, cleft palate, Early diagnosis of skeletal abnormalities, cardiovascular malformations, etc.
Diagnosis
Differential diagnosis
Facial deformities need to be identified as follows:
(1) Inflammation: inflammation of the maxillofacial soft tissue that occurs during the development of a child can often lead to abnormalities of the maxillofacial region after adulthood, but generally does not cause tissue defects. Inflammation of the maxillofacial region often causes necrosis of the jaw bone, dissolution or separation, resulting in varying degrees of maxillofacial deformity. In addition to causing bone defects, inflammation can also affect the growth and development of the jaw to cause deformities. For example, inflammation destroys the developmental disorder of the mandibular side of the condyle and causes asymmetry of the left and right face. In addition, syphilis, tuberculosis and other diseases can cause facial soft and hard tissue defects and deformities, such as advanced syphilis can lead to stenosis, fetal nasal development and other deformities.
(2) Trauma: With the development of industry and transportation, accidental injuries in life and production, traffic accident injuries, and maxillofacial deformities and defects caused by burns are very common. For example, a mandibular contusion in childhood may cause mouth opening limitation. Growth and development can also cause facial asymmetry, small mandibular deformity and so on.
(3) Tumor: The maxillofacial tumor itself can cause some maxillofacial deformities, because the tumor grows during the process of compressing the surrounding normal tissue to cause asymmetrical deformity.
Most of the malignant tumors are caused by different degrees of defects or deformities after the expansion of the surgical treatment, and often the soft and hard tissue complex defects, dysfunction and appearance damage are also serious.
(4) Iatrogenic factors: refers to maxillofacial deformities and defects caused by the medical itself. Some of these malformations or defects are not completely avoided at present, such as radiation therapy of tumors, which cause developmental inhibition and tissue atrophy, especially tissue defects caused by radiation osteonecrosis; but some malformations are due to doctors. Improper surgical design, such as excessive cheek soft tissue surgery can cause scarring caused by scar contracture due to improper repair design.
