Anterior tibial black spot
Introduction
Introduction Pre-temporal leukoplakia is one of the complications of diabetes. Diabetes is caused by genetic factors, immune dysfunction, microbial infections and their toxins, free radical toxins, mental factors and other pathogenic factors that cause islet function. A series of metabolic disorders such as sugar, protein, fat, water and electrolytes caused by insulin resistance (IR), etc., clinically characterized by hyperglycemia, typical cases can appear polyuria, polydipsia, and more Food, weight loss and other performance, that is, "three more than one less" symptoms.
Cause
Cause
1. Factors related to type 1 diabetes are:
Autoimmune system defects: Because a variety of autoimmune antibodies, such as glutamate decarboxylase antibodies (GAD antibodies) and islet cell antibodies (ICA antibodies), can be detected in the blood of patients with type 1 diabetes. These abnormal autoantibodies can damage insulin-producing B cells in human islets, making them unable to secrete insulin normally.
Genetic factors: Current research suggests that genetic defects are the basis of type 1 diabetes, and this genetic defect is manifested in HLA antigen abnormalities in the sixth chromosome of humans. Scientists' research suggests that type 1 diabetes is characterized by familial morbidity - if your parents have diabetes, you are more likely to develop the disease than people without this family history. Viral infections may be an inducement: perhaps surprisingly, many scientists suspect that the virus can also cause type 1 diabetes. This is because patients with type 1 diabetes often have a viral infection for a period of time before the onset of the disease, and the "prevalence" of type 1 diabetes often occurs after the virus is prevalent. Viruses, such as those that cause epidemic mumps and rubella, and the Coxsackie virus family that causes polio, can play a role in type 1 diabetes.
2. Factors related to type 2 diabetes
Genetic factors: Similar to type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes is also characterized by family onset. It is therefore likely to be related to genetic inheritance. This genetic property is more pronounced in type 2 diabetes than in type 1 diabetes. For example, one of the twins has type 1 diabetes and the other has a 40% chance of developing the disease; but in the case of type 2 diabetes, the other has a 70% chance of developing type 2 diabetes.
Obesity: An important factor in type 2 diabetes may be obesity. Genetic causes can cause obesity and can also cause type 2 diabetes. Excess fat in body-centered obese patients is concentrated in the abdomen, and they are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes than those whose fat is concentrated on the buttocks and thighs.
Age: Age is also a contributing factor to type 2 diabetes. Half of patients with type 2 diabetes often develop after 55 years of age. The prevalence of diabetes in older patients is also associated with the overweight of older people.
Modern lifestyle: Eating high-calorie foods and reducing exercise can also cause diabetes, which is thought to be caused by obesity. Obesity, like type 2 diabetes, is more prevalent among Asian American and Latin American businessmen whose diet and activity habits have been westernized.
3. Factors related to pregnancy-type diabetes
Hormonal abnormalities: The placenta produces a variety of hormones for the growth and development of the fetus during pregnancy. These hormones are very important for the healthy growth of the fetus, but they can block the insulin action in the mother's body, thus triggering diabetes. The 24th to 28th week of pregnancy is the peak period of these hormones, and is also the usual time for gestational diabetes.
Genetic basis: Patients with gestational diabetes are at high risk of developing type 2 diabetes (but not with type 1 diabetes). Therefore, it is considered that genes causing gestational diabetes and genes causing type 2 diabetes may be related to each other.
Obesity: Obesity is not only easy to cause type 2 diabetes, but also causes gestational diabetes.
Examine
an examination
Related inspection
Posterior tibial muscle strength test
1, urine test: there may be an increase in urine sugar.
2, blood sugar check: including fasting blood glucose, postprandial blood glucose check.
3. Changes in blood ketone, electrolytes, pH, CO2 binding and non-protein nitrogen (urea nitrogen).
Diagnosis
Differential diagnosis
Hard non-recessed edema plaques in the anterior and posterior tibia: The hard non-depressed edema of the anterior and posterior tibia is a diffuse type of mucinous edema before the iliac crest: the anterior and posterior iliac crests are diffuse and hard non-depressed. Edema plaque.
Acupressure edema before fistula: Acupressure edema is one of the clinical manifestations of primary deep venous insufficiency of the lower extremity. Primary deep venous insufficiency is caused by Kistner (1980). The new category of venous lesions proposed firstly is mainly due to the free edge elongation, relaxation, and sagging of the valve in the deep vein, so that when the blood flows backward under gravity, the two opposite leaflets cannot be closely aligned in the middle of the lumen. This causes deep venous reflux lesions, resulting in congestion and high pressure in the venous system of the lower extremities leading to a series of clinical signs and symptoms.
