Diaphragmatic expansion
Introduction
Introduction ,, belongs to the diaphragmatic weakness, the diaphragm muscle weakness refers to the weakening of the diaphragm muscle activity, including diaphragmatic paralysis and diaphragmatic bulging. Diaphragm bulge was first described by Petit in 1774, and Beclard was named in 1829. The definition of diaphragmatic bulging usually has two categories: narrow and broad: In the narrow sense of diaphragmatic bulging, it refers to the dysplasia of the diaphragm caused by congenital defects of the diaphragm due to abnormal development of the muscle tissue in the transverse media of the embryo, which is called congenital (or primary) diaphragmatic bulging. The generalized concept is usually used to refer to the abnormal elevation of the diaphragmatic fibers due to dysplasia and atrophy, including the unknown cause of the phrenic nerve, the diaphragmatic elevation caused by the damage of the unknown part, called acquired (or secondary) diaphragmatic swelling. Out of the disease.
Cause
Cause
Diaphragm paralysis usually refers to the abnormal elevation of the diaphragm caused by radial nerve injury in the specific nature and location. Secondary diaphragmatic bulging mainly refers to the sacral nerve injury that cannot be defined in nature or location. The clinical manifestations and treatments of the two are basically the same. For the convenience of diagnosis, the cause is discussed here (see table). Congenital, hereditary, traumatic, iatrogenic and other causes can cause diaphragmatic bulging and diaphragmatic paralysis. The most common cause is diaphragmatic nerve injury. Diaphragm bloating can also be part of a systemic disease.
1. Congenital factors.
2. Hereditary factors.
3. Trauma.
4. Infection and tumors.
5. Neuromuscular system lesions.
6. Other systemic diseases.
Some drugs can cause paralysis of the diaphragm, such as procainamide. It has been reported that high doses of procainamide can cause diaphragmatic paralysis and respiratory failure.
Examine
an examination
Related inspection
Abdominal flat chest B super chest flat
Symptoms of this disease vary in severity, headache, syncope, coma, cough, abnormal breathing, nausea and vomiting. Infants and young children may cause acute respiratory distress and circulatory function due to the position of the diaphragm and the position of the intra-abdominal organs. Severe obstacles due to abnormal breathing and mediastinal flutter. In the short term, it can cause respiratory and circulatory failure, and may also be complicated by intermittent intestinal obstruction. There are four typical symptoms of intestinal obstruction: abdominal pain, vomiting, abdominal distension, anus, and exhaust defecation.
Diagnosis
Differential diagnosis
1. The cause of congenital or acquired causes the intra-abdominal organs to enter the thoracic cavity through the diaphragm defect. When the chest is through, the local bulge of the diaphragm can also be seen, but the cavity of the sac or the lumen of the intestine can be seen in the bulge of the iliac crest. The examination of the pneumoperitoneum shows that the gas rises into the thoracic cavity when the patient is in the upright position, that is, the sac on the sac. Inside, while sputum swells, see gas under the armpit, gastrointestinal angiography or barium enema more clearly see the relationship between the elevated stomach or colon and diaphragm.
2. Patients with pulmonary fundus effusion in the lung fundus often see the "piston muscle elevation" on the affected side of the X-ray examination, which can be distinguished after changing the chest position or B-ultrasound examination.
3. Transverse tumors are rare and have no specific symptoms. X-ray examination showed a round or oval dense shadow on the diaphragm showing smooth edges. It can move up and down with diaphragmatic movement. Its shape and size do not change with breathing. Diagnostic pneumoperitoneum is helpful for diagnosis.
Symptoms of this disease vary in severity, headache, syncope, coma, cough, abnormal breathing, nausea and vomiting. Infants and young children may cause acute respiratory distress and circulatory function due to the position of the diaphragm and the position of the intra-abdominal organs. Severe obstacles due to abnormal breathing and mediastinal flutter. In the short term, it can cause respiratory and circulatory failure, and may also be complicated by intermittent intestinal obstruction. There are four typical symptoms of intestinal obstruction: abdominal pain, vomiting, abdominal distension, anus, and exhaust defecation.
