Bladder Cancer
Introduction
Introduction to bladder cancer Bladder cancer is the most common malignant tumor of the urinary system, and the incidence rate is the first in the urinary system malignant tumor. It is generally believed to be associated with frequent exposure to carcinogens such as naphthylamine, benzidine, etc. Dyes, rubber, plastic products, paints, detergents, etc., which are common in daily life, also have potential carcinogenic risks. Smoking is not only harmful to the respiratory system, but also causes Bladder Cancer. In addition, certain diseases such as bladder leukoplakia, cystitis glandularis, urethral stones, urinary retention, etc. may also induce bladder cancer. About 90% of patients with bladder cancer have an initial clinical manifestation of hematuria, usually characterized by painless, intermittent, gross hematuria, and sometimes microscopic hematuria. Hematuria may occur only once or last for 1 day to several days, and may be relieved or stopped by itself. Sometimes, the coincidence of the patient after taking the drug and the hematuria often gives the patient the illusion of "healing". Some patients may have hematuria again after a certain amount of time. The staining of hematuria varies from light red to dark brown, often dark red. basic knowledge The proportion of illness: 0.02% Susceptible people: no specific population Mode of infection: non-infectious Complications: hematuria, urinary retention
Cause
Bladder cancer cause
Artificial sweetener (10%):
Studies in the late 1970s reported that sweeteners increased the risk of bladder cancer in men by 60%, but subsequent studies have failed to confirm this correlation, so the International Agency for Research on Cancer has no longer included sweeteners in human bladder cancer. Carcinogens.
Family history (10%):
The immediate family members of bladder cancer patients are twice as likely to develop bladder cancer as those without family history, and the immediate family members of young bladder cancer patients are at higher risk. In addition, studies have shown that a large intake of liquids, vegetables and fruits can reduce the risk of bladder cancer. The main risk factors for bladder cancer in our country are smoking, occupational exposure to aromatic amines, family history of bladder cancer, alcohol and coffee, and gender.
Carcinogens in drinking water (25%):
Drinking chlorine-sterilized tap water containing chlorinated by-products can increase the risk of bladder cancer. Arsenic contamination in drinking water in Taiwan and South America is also associated with increased risk of bladder cancer.
Coffee (10%):
The risk of bladder cancer in coffee drinkers is higher than that in non-drinkers, but there is no dose or time trend between the two. The results of epidemiological studies have ruled out the strong correlation between coffee and bladder cancer, but do not rule out the correlation between the two. .
Urinary tract disease (10%):
Long-term urinary tract epithelium is chronically stimulated or metabolites of the human body increase the level of carcinogens in the urine, which can cause cancer of the urothelial proliferation, such as bladder squamous cell carcinoma and infection with schistosomiasis or bladder stones.
Drugs (10%):
A large number of painkillers containing phenacetin can increase the risk of bladder cancer, which is currently discontinued. The risk of bladder cancer in patients with lymphoma treated with cyclophosphamide can be increased several times, and the tumor is often invasive.
Prevention
Bladder cancer prevention
Increase the amount of drinking water, because the amount of drinking water directly affects the concentration of urine in the bladder, which has an important effect on the occurrence of bladder cancer. The urine in the bladder must be reduced, and the carcinogen is excreted from the kidney to the bladder. The concentration in the urine is also relatively high. These high concentrations of carcinogens can cause strong irritation to the bladder mucosa. At the same time, if the amount of drinking water is small, the interval between urination must be prolonged, which gives bacteria (such as E. coli) The reproduction in the bladder has created favorable conditions. Those who often have bladder cancer, most of them are people who do not like drinking water and drinking tea.
Complication
Bladder cancer complications Complications, hematuria, retention
Common complications of bladder cancer are bladder cancer pain, severe hematuria, and urinary retention.
Symptom
Bladder cancer symptoms Common symptoms Hematuria painless hematuria urinary frequency urinary pain Urinary urinary bladder irritation before and after urinary bladder area pain backache fever
1, intermittent painless gross hematuria or microscopic hematuria.
2, frequent urination, urgency, dysuria and other symptoms of bladder irritation, tumors larger or occur in the bladder neck, can cause obstruction of urine flow, dysuria, and even urinary retention.
3, causing hydronephrosis, backache, back pain, fever and so on.
Examine
Bladder cancer examination
1, urine routine, urine cytology examination.
2, cystoscopy.
3, B-ultrasound is a kind of ultrasound examination, is a non-surgical diagnostic examination, is an emerging discipline, has become an indispensable diagnostic method in modern clinical medicine.
4, bladder, renal pelvis, pelvic artery angiography.
5, CT, MRI examination.
6. Tumor marker determination (ABO (H) blood group antigen, T-antigen, CEA, -GRS).
Diagnosis
Diagnosis and diagnosis of bladder cancer
Regardless of the biopsy results, each patient must undergo X-ray examination of the upper urinary tract, ie abdominal plain film and intravenous urography, to confirm that the kidney and ureter have no tumor, because these two parts are not visible under the cystoscope. of. You may also need to check your heart, such as an electrocardiogram or echocardiogram, especially if your doctor decides to have a biopsy under anesthesia or a tumor resection in the operating room. If these tests are abnormal, you need to be further evaluated by a cardiologist. In addition, some patients, especially those over the age of 50 or who smoke, need to have a chest X-ray before anesthesia. Finally, patients with suspected advanced bladder cancer need to have abdominal and pelvic CT to assess whether the tumor has invaded the bladder and to determine whether there is lymphadenopathy.
