macular degeneration
Introduction
Introduction to macular degeneration The macular area is an important area of the retina, located in the posterior pole of the eye, mainly related to visual functions such as fine vision and color vision. Once there is a lesion in the macula, vision loss, eye shadow or visual distortion often occur. The disease is an arc-like exudative chorioretinal lesion occurring in and around the macula, accompanied by subretinal neovascularization and hemorrhage. It is not uncommon in clinical practice. It is usually caused by monocular disease and is more than 50 years old. basic knowledge The proportion of sickness: 0.01%-0.018% Susceptible people: multiple elderly Mode of infection: non-infectious Complications: macular degeneration
Cause
Cause of macular degeneration
Macular degeneration is a common disease affecting the macula in the elderly. The exact cause is unknown. It may be related to heredity, hardening of the arteries, oxidative damage, chronic photodamage, inflammation, and metabolic nutrition. According to reports, the factors that cause macular degeneration are as follows:
1. Age: The older the age, the greater the risk of developing macular degeneration.
2. Gender: Female wet macular degeneration is slightly more than male.
3, family history: Some families are susceptible, although the specific genes of the disease have not been found.
4, suffering from high blood pressure, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, cardiovascular disease, obesity and other people are prone to macular degeneration.
5, smoking, drinking, lack of nutrition (such as carotene) can also cause macular degeneration.
6. Exposure to blue light and daylight.
7. Environmental factors.
Macular disease can be caused by hereditary lesions, senile changes, inflammatory lesions, and other fundus lesions. Because of a variety of factors that can cause macular degeneration, care should be taken to avoid the factors that cause damage in the macula. Once the visual acuity changes or the visual object is deformed, it is necessary to go to a professional eye hospital for treatment in a timely manner, to clarify the cause and diagnosis, and to protect the visual function.
Prevention
Macular degeneration prevention
1, the appearance of deformation and other symptoms, go to the hospital in time.
2, can not smoke, to eat properly, eat more green leafy vegetables, eat less high-fat foods, and at the same time to exercise properly, control weight and blood pressure, blood lipids, blood viscosity. Taking antioxidants, vitamin C, E, beta carotene and supplemental trace elements can also prevent and slow the further development of the disease.
Complication
Macular lesions Complications macular degeneration
Often complicated by visual impairment and even blindness.
Symptom
Symptoms of macular degeneration Common symptoms Visual distortion of visual impairment The macula is found in the fundus... Vision decline visual field vision change
The main symptoms of macular degeneration are central vision loss, central dark spots, and visual distortion. The vitreous has no inflammatory changes. The fundus has yellow-gray exudative lesions and hemorrhage in the macula, round or elliptical, unclear borders, micro-bumps, and the size is about 1/4 to 3/2 optic disc diameter (PD). It is more common to be below 1PD. There is a curved or ring-shaped hemorrhage at the edge of the lesion, and occasionally a point-like hemorrhage in a radial arrangement. There is a pigmented disorder zone in the periphery of the lesion. Most of the lesions are centered on the fovea and have a radius of 1 PD. At the end of the disease, yellow-white scars form in the macula.
Examine
Examination of macular degeneration
1. Fluorescein angiography, in the early arterial or arterial phase, is equivalent to granules, lace-like and other forms of neovascular network in the exudate, the bleeding area obscures the fluorescence, and the upper edge of the bleeding has a translucent fluorescent area. The neovascularization has a fluorescein leak to form a strong fluorescent region.
2, routine eye examination.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis and differentiation of macular degeneration
diagnosis
(1) In the early stage of the lesion, the fundus is completely normal, but the central visual acuity has been significantly reduced, and it is easy to be misdiagnosed as amblyopia or rickets. The lesion progresses slowly, but is progressive for symmetry, often showing a typical change around the age of 30, with central vision dropping to 0.1 or lower.
(2) Fundus examination: When the visual acuity of the patient is decreased, the macular lesions are not obvious, and the two are not proportional; then the foveal fovea disappears, uneven pigment spots appear, grayish reflection, and finally macular degeneration, which is the detachment pigment Round area with gold foil reflection. The choroid becomes white, the blood vessels become thinner, and the color of the optic disc is light.
(3) Fluorescence angiography can show high fluorescence in the macular area before the fundus changes.
(4) According to electrophysiology, EOG is slightly reduced, and ERG shows that the cone function is gradually lost.
Identification
To be differentiated from retinal vein occlusion, hypertensive retinopathy, and hypoperfusion retinopathy.
