Intestinal infections
Introduction
Introduction to intestinal infectious diseases Intestinal infectious diseases are infectious diseases in which pathogens invade the intestines and can excrete pathogens from feces, including cholera, bacterial dysentery, typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever, viral hepatitis, polio, bacterial food poisoning, amoeba Diseases and tsutsugamushi, aphids (protozoa, helminths), the original parasitic parts in the intestines and accessory glands. The pathological site of most intestinal infectious diseases is also the parasitic part of the pathogen, but polio damage the central nervous system. Patients and pathogen carriers are the main source of infection, and the feces of all patients with intestinal infections contain a large number of pathogens. basic knowledge Sickness ratio: 1%-2% Susceptible people: no specific population Mode of transmission: contact transmission, insect-borne transmission, fecal-oral transmission Complications: acute pulmonary edema, malnutrition, angular keratitis
Cause
Causes of intestinal infectious diseases
1. Water transmission: The feces and vomit of the patient or pathogen carrier are discharged into the water source, and the clothes, utensils, hands and the like contaminated by the pathogen are washed to contaminate the water. After the water source is contaminated, it can cause the outbreak of intestinal infectious diseases. Cholera, typhoid, and bacillary dysentery are known as the three major water-borne diseases.
2. Transmission by food: There is a risk of contamination by pathogens during the production, processing, transportation, storage and sale of food. Pathogens in food can come from storage containers, eating utensils, hand contact, application of manure, and contamination by insects.
3, contact spread: through the handshake, use or contact with clothing, stationery, door handles, coins, etc. may cause the spread and spread of pathogens.
4, insect transmission: flies, cockroaches, etc. can play the role of mechanical transport pathogens, some pathogens can survive in the insect's intestines for a period of time, and even breed. Insects such as flies and cockroaches that are active everywhere are also important causes of the spread of intestinal infectious diseases.
Prevention
Intestinal infectious disease prevention
In summer, due to high temperature and high humidity, it is particularly conducive to the propagation of germs, food is susceptible to pollution, coupled with high body consumption and relatively weak immunity in summer, summer is a season of high incidence of bacterial intestinal infections. The incidence of intestinal infectious diseases is sudden, the symptoms are serious, and the infection is very strong, which poses a great threat to people's health and life. Therefore, it is the key to prevent the disease from entering the country and develop good hygiene habits.
1. Actively carry out the patriotic health campaign, strengthen the sanitation management of manure, garbage and sewage, and mobilize the masses to carry out the four evil movements.
2, pay attention to personal hygiene, develop the habit of washing hands before and after meals. Always cut your nails and change your clothes frequently.
3, canteens and households to purchase food must strictly control the quality, must not buy spoiled poultry, eggs, meat and aquatic products for the sake of cheap.
4, do not drink raw water, the dishes should be cooked thoroughly cooked, leftovers in the refrigerator overnight, should be returned to the pot to heat.
5, buy vegetables that are susceptible to insects should pay attention to fresh and no insects, pay attention to whether the pesticide is used, after picking up the yellow leaves, soak in water for more than half an hour, change the water 2 to 3 times, and then cook.
6. When storing food or processed food, it should be separated from raw and cooked.
7, it is best not to go to the big stalls to eat and buy unlicensed box lunches, do not do large-scale dinner activities.
8, found that the food has a different or odor is not edible, can not be boiled and then eaten.
9. Tableware such as tableware should be boiled and disinfected frequently.
10, once the symptoms of intestinal infectious diseases should be promptly seek medical treatment; family members at the same time food poisoning phenomenon, should go to the hospital and report to the disease prevention and control center in a timely manner.
Complication
Enteric infectious disease complications Complications, acute pulmonary edema, malnutrition, angular keratitis
Complications of cholera:
1, renal failure due to shock can not be corrected in time and hypokalemia, manifested as decreased urine output and azotemia, severe cases of urinary closure, can die from uremia.
2, acute pulmonary edema metabolic acidosis can lead to high blood circulation, the latter is also aggravated by the addition of a large amount of alkali-free saline.
3, other low potassium syndrome, arrhythmia and abortion.
Bacterial dysentery complications:
1, occasionally in the recovery period or acute phase, exudative arthritis, joint swelling, self-resolved within a few weeks.
2, pregnant women with severe cases can cause miscarriage or premature delivery.
3, chronic sputum sputum ulcer ulcer disease, can be complicated by malnutrition, anemia, vitamin deficiency and neurosis.
4, can lead to hemolytic uremic syndrome, Reiter syndrome, leukemia-like reactions, children with otitis media, angular cheilitis, rectal prolapse.
5, concurrent septicemia is rare, with double manifestations of bacillary dysentery and sepsis, but the condition is more dangerous, the mortality rate is high, the baby is younger than 1 year old.
Symptom
Symptoms of Intestinal Infectious Diseases Common Symptoms Systemic Infection Symptoms Symptoms Nausea and Vomiting Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth Abdominal Pain Diarrhea Appetite Loss Body Pain Stool Sour
Most intestinal infectious diseases can cause gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, loss of appetite, some with fever, headache, limb pain, systemic poisoning symptoms, if the treatment is not timely, can cause serious complications And even lead to death.
Examine
Examination of intestinal infectious diseases
1, routine inspection
Most of the white blood cells are 3×109/L4×109/L, with neutropenia and disappearance of eosinophils, and the latter gradually rises with the improvement of the disease. Extremely eosinophils >2%, absolute counts over 4 × 108 / L can be basically excluded from typhoid fever. Mild proteinuria in high fever. Fecal occult blood test was positive.
2, bacteriological examination
1 blood culture is the evidence of diagnosis, the disease can be positive in the early stage, the positive rate of the 7th to 10th day can reach 90%, the third week is reduced to 30% to 40%, and the fourth week is often negative. 2 The positive rate of bone marrow culture is higher than that of blood culture, especially suitable for those who have been treated with antibiotics and those with negative blood culture. 3 fecal culture, from the incubation period can be positive, up to 80% in the third to fourth week, the positive rate of 6 weeks after the disease decreased rapidly, 3% of patients can be more than one year. 4 urine culture: the positive rate in the late stage of the disease can reach 25%, but the fecal contamination should be avoided. 5 Rose rash scraping or biopsy sections can also be positively cultured.
3, urine routine
There may be a small amount of protein, and there are a few red blood cells, white blood cells and casts in the microscopic examination.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis and identification of intestinal infectious diseases
diagnosis
Diagnosis can be performed based on clinical performance and laboratory tests.
Differential diagnosis
1, cholera
It is a strong intestinal infectious disease caused by Vibrio cholerae. It is acute, rapid, and harmful. It is more common in summer and autumn. The scope of transmission is particularly serious in developing countries. Clinically, it is characterized by a large amount of rice soup-like excretion, severe water loss, muscle spasm and urinary closure. It is often caused by shock, uremia and acidosis.
2, typhoid
It is caused by typhoid bacillus. The patient began to feel tired, powerless, not thinking about diet, often with abdominal distension, diarrhea or constipation and other symptoms, followed by a high fever, about two weeks or so gradually gradually fever. In the second week of the onset, some reddish rashes will appear on the patient and the spleen will enlarge. Those who are seriously ill may also have unconsciousness, irritability, and nonsense, and may also have intestinal bleeding or intestinal perforation in the later stage.
3, bacterial dysentery
Intestinal infectious diseases caused by dysentery bacilli, colonic suppurative inflammation as the main disease, and the main clinical manifestations of intestinal infection symptoms such as systemic poisoning, abdominal pain, diarrhea, pus and bloody stools and urgency. Severe cases can be horrified, coma, shock. The incidence of the whole year is most common in summer and autumn.
4, hepatitis
It was introduced by the hepatitis virus. At the beginning of the disease, the patient feels weak, anorexia, especially unwilling to eat greasy things, often feeling sick, diarrhea, right upper abdominal pain, some patients also have fever, yellow eyes, urination is also yellow like strong tea, if eyeball The yellowing of the skin is called "yellow-biliary hepatitis", such as the skin, the eyeball does not yellow, and it is "no biliary hepatitis."
5, polio
Also known as polio, it is an acute infectious disease caused by poliovirus. Children between the ages of half and 5 years old are prone to get sick. Most of the symptoms are very urgent. They suddenly have a fever and are in a bad mood. They are like a cold. They burn spontaneously after three or four days, but they have a fever after one to five days. The second fever is two. After three days, the phenomenon that the legs or the arm can't move may occur. It is completely soft and weak, so it is called "polio paralysis."
