lower respiratory tract infection
Introduction
Introduction to lower respiratory tract infection Respiratory infections are classified into upper respiratory tract infections and lower respiratory tract infections. Upper respiratory tract infections are classified into viral (70-80%) and bacterial (20-25%). Lower respiratory tract infections include acute trachea - bronchitis, chronic bronchitis, pneumonia, bronchiectasis, and the like. It is caused by microbial infections such as viruses, bacteria, mycoplasma, chlamydia, and Legionella. basic knowledge The proportion of illness: 0.06% Susceptible people: no special people Mode of transmission: airborne Complications: pulmonary edema, sepsis, septic shock, bronchiectasis
Cause
Causes of lower respiratory tract infection
Lower respiratory tract infection is a common nosocomial infection. It is mainly Gram-negative bacilli, accounting for about 70%, of which Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most. Gram-positive cocci account for 20%, of which Staphylococcus aureus is common, as well as fungi and viruses.
Pathogens invade the lower respiratory tract of the patient through three pathways: microbial invasion of the mouth and pharynx; aerosol inhalation containing bacteria; and blood-borne dissemination of infections at other sites. The following are common causes:
Pathogen (30%):
Virus-based, can account for more than 90% of the primary upper respiratory tract infection, mainly respiratory syncytial virus, influenza virus, adenovirus and so on. Bacterial infections are rare, and often followed by viral infections, mainly group A hemolytic streptococcus, pneumococcus, staphylococcus and the like. Streptococcus often causes primary pharyngitis, and can cause abnormalities in the body, leading to allergic diseases such as rheumatic fever, myocarditis, and nephritis; while staphylococcal infection can secondary to purulent infections in various parts of the body, producing a pole Great impact.
Low immunity (50%):
Malnutrition and lack of exercise, as well as children with allergies, are prone to upper respiratory tract infections due to their low body defenses, especially in children with dyspepsia, rickets, and underlying immunodeficiency or acquired immune dysfunction. When these infections are complicated, serious symptoms often appear. Therefore, strengthening exercise, improving nutritional status and environmental sanitation are extremely important for prevention.
Prevention
Lower respiratory infection prevention
The prevention and treatment of respiratory tract infection should follow the principle of prevention, accurate diagnosis and timely treatment.
The main points of prevention include:
1. Vaccination of susceptible populations; including pneumonia vaccines, influenza vaccines, etc.
2, the application of antibiotics in susceptible populations, elderly patients with chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, diabetes, heart disease (heart failure) and children under immunity, can use antibiotics to prevent bacterial infection when suffering from a cold.
3. In the case of a normal cold or a bacterial lower respiratory tract infection, you should receive medical advice from a respiratory specialist. Accurate diagnosis mainly refers to the identification of common cold and bacterial lower respiratory tract infections. Timely treatment mainly refers to the treatment of bacterial infections. It should be noted that the bacteria should be taken before the application of antibiotics; the antibiotic treatment of community-acquired pneumonia recommended by the Chinese Medical Association; the general antibiotics should be considered for replacement after 3 days of ineffective use. It is not advisable to change antibiotics frequently; the elderly can appropriately relax the antibiotic application strip; pay attention to the severe drug-resistant pneumonia in adolescents; use antipyretics as little as possible, especially not frequently.
Complication
Lower respiratory tract infection complications Complications pulmonary edema septic septic shock bronchiectasis
The disease can be complicated by pulmonary edema, sepsis, septic shock, bronchiectasis and other diseases.
Symptom
Lower respiratory tract infection symptoms Common symptoms Fever with cough, slightly... Cough fatigue chest pain fever with chills runny nose sore throat cough rust color dyspnea muscle soreness
Lower respiratory tract infection mainly refers to the area below the larynx, including trachea, bronchus, lung. Common diseases include bronchitis, bronchitis and pneumonia. The specific symptoms are mainly severe cough, phlegm, asthma, difficulty in venting and lung. Patchy shadows, etc.
Examine
Examination of lower respiratory tract infection
Need to do the inspection:
1, blood routine.
2, chest flat film.
3, chest auscultation and palpation.
4. Bacterial culture.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis and diagnosis of lower respiratory tract infection
Diagnose based on:
1. Cough, cough, or the original respiratory illness is aggravated, and there is a thick, with or without chest pain.
2, fever.
3, lung signs and (or) wet voice.
4. WBC>10×10 9 /L or <4×10 9 /L with or without nuclear left shift.
5, chest X-ray examination showed patchy, patchy erosion shadow, or interstitial changes, with or without pleural effusion.
