nose disease
Introduction
Introduction to nasal diseases The nose is an important portal and starting point of the human respiratory tract. Nasal disease is a very common and frequently-occurring disease. Under normal circumstances, the nasal detoxification function ensures that the above bacteria do not exceed the amount that the human body can bear. In case of induced factors such as cold, rain, excessive fatigue, etc., the nasal detoxification function is reduced, and the above bacteria can stay in the nasal cavity for a long time and multiply, thereby causing a cold. Long-term cold inflammation can easily deteriorate into rhinitis. basic knowledge Proportion of disease: according to different nasal diseases, the proportion of illness is different Susceptible people: no specific population Mode of infection: non-infectious Complications: olfactory disorders asthma
Cause
Cause of nasal disease
(1) Genetic factors
A family history of allergies is predisposed to this disease. Patients have a history of asthma, urticaria or drug allergy. In the past, this patient was referred to as atopic individual, and its ability to produce IgE antibodies in vivo was higher than that of normal people. However, in recent years, some authors have found that there is no significant difference in the incidence rate between twins and the general population.
(two) nasal mucosal susceptibility
Susceptibility arises from the frequent stimulation of antigenic material, but its susceptibility depends on the number of mast cells, basophils and the ability to release chemical mediators in nasal mucosa. It has been confirmed that the number of such cells in the nasal mucosa of patients with allergic rhinitis is not only higher than that of normal people, but also has a strong ability to release chemical mediators.
(3) Antigenic substances
The antigenic substance that stimulates the body to produce IgE antibodies is called an allergen. The allergen again enters the nasal mucosa and binds to the corresponding IgE to cause an allergic reaction. The allergens causing the disease are divided into two categories: inhalation and food according to the way they enter the human body:
1. Inhalation allergens are inhaled into the nasal cavity by breathing. Such allergens are mostly suspended in the air.
(1) Pollen is not caused by all plant pollen. Only pollen that has a large amount of pollen, a wide area of vegetation, a strong allergen and spread with the wind is most likely to become an allergen.
(2) The house dust mite belongs to the arthropods arachnid, which is mainly parasitic in all corners of the living room, among which the dust in the bed, pillows, sofa cushions, etc. is the most.
(3) Fungi are widely distributed in nature, mainly in soil and spoiled organic matter. Its hyphae and spores are allergenic, but spores are stronger.
(4) Animal dander Animal dander is one of the strongest allergens.
(5) Indoor dust is one of the common allergens causing perennial rhinitis.
2. Ingestion allergen
Refers to allergens that cause nasal symptoms from the digestive tract into the body. The way it acts on the nasal mucosa is very complicated, and it is still unclear. Milk, eggs, fish, shrimp, meat, fruits, and even some vegetables can become allergens.
Prevention
Nasal disease prevention
1, usually pay attention to nasal hygiene, develop a good health habit of washing your nose in the morning and evening.
2, pay attention to the method. Those with more nasal congestion should press the nostrils on one side and apply a little force to the outside. Then alternate and linger. When the nose is too thick, wash your nose with salt water to avoid injury to the nasal mucosa.
3, the posture should be correct when swimming, try to make the head out of the water.
4, people with dental problems, to be completely treated.
5. When you have an acute attack, take more rest. The bedroom should be bright to keep indoor air flowing. But avoid direct blowing and direct sunlight.
6, in accordance with the doctor's advice and timely use of drugs.
Complication
Nasal complications Complications, olfactory disorders, asthma
The clinical symptoms of rhinitis are different and harmful. When affecting the physiological function of the nasal cavity, respiratory disorders may occur, causing a decrease in blood oxygen concentration, affecting the function and metabolism of other tissues and organs, and some such as headache, dizziness, and memory. Drop, chest pain, chest tightness, listlessness, etc., and even complicated complications such as emphysema, pulmonary heart disease, and asthma.
When rhinitis fails to be treated in time, affecting the olfactory mucosa, there will be olfactory disorders, resulting in no smell of odor. When the long-term recurrent sinusitis is not treated in time, the inflammation will spread to neighboring organs and tissues, and concurrently such as frontal bone osteomyelitis, tibial wall osteoartitis and periostitis, submucosal abscess of the temporal wall, intraorbital cellulitis , posterior optic neuritis, epidural abscess, subdural abscess, purulent meningitis, brain abscess, cavernous sinus thrombophlebitis and many other critical emergencies.
Symptom
Symptoms of nasal diseases Common symptoms Nasal congestion and reflex headaches Paroxysmal nasal congestion Nasal congestion Nasal discharge... Smell dysfunction Head faint nose frog nose
Rhinitis, a nasal inflammatory disease, is inflammation of the nasal mucosa caused by viruses, bacteria, allergens, various physical and chemical factors, and certain systemic diseases. The main pathological changes of rhinitis are nasal mucosal congestion, swelling, exudation, hyperplasia, atrophy or necrosis.
Paranasal sinusitis is sinusitis, including acute paranasal sinusitis and chronic paranasal sinusitis. It is a common disease in the nose, and it is mostly chronic. The sinus of the former group is higher than that of the posterior group, and the maxillary sinus is the most common. Paranasal sinusitis can occur on one side or on both sides. Can be limited to a sinus onset, can also involve multiple sinuses.
Nasal polyps are common diseases of the nose, which occur in adults, and are more common in the maxillary sinus, ethmoid sinus, middle nasal passage, and middle turbinate. Nasal polyps have multiple sides and less on one side. A common symptom is persistent nasal congestion that increases with the growth of polyps. Increased nasal secretions, accompanied by sneezing, secretions can be serous, mucinous, such as complicated sinus infection, secretions can be purulent. There are many olfactory disorders.
Nasal sputum is one of the common clinical symptoms, commonly known as nosebleeds. It can be caused by nasal diseases or by systemic diseases. Mostly unilateral, in a few cases, bilateral nasal bleeding can occur; the amount of bleeding is different, the light is only the blood in the sputum, the severe can cause hemorrhagic shock, repeated nasal bleeding can lead to anemia.
Examine
Nasal examination
Front nose examination
Nasal mucosa congestion, swelling, inferior turbinate congestion, swelling, total nasal passages or nasal bottom with more secretions, initial water samples, and later gradually become mucinous, mucopurulent or purulent.
2. X-ray nasolacrimal ductography
Clearly have a complicated sinus infection.
3. Nasal secretion smear to detect pathogenic bacteria.
4. Nasal secretions bacterial culture + drug sensitivity.
5. If necessary, virus inspection requires special cultivation, separation and identification.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of nasal diseases
diagnosis
According to the characteristics of the symptoms, combined with clinical examination, the diagnosis is not difficult.
Differential diagnosis
Hypertrophic rhinitis
Persistent nasal congestion is often heavier, with less nasal discharge, mucinous or mucopurulent, and generally has varying degrees of headache, dizziness, and decreased olfactory.
2. Allergic rhinitis
The degree of nasal congestion varies from severity to severity. The nose is thin and the amount is large, often accompanied by nasal itching and frequent sneezing.
3. Influenza
The systemic symptoms are heavy, such as high fever, chills, headache, general joints and muscle soreness. Upper respiratory symptoms are not obvious.
