STD
Introduction
Introduction to STDs Sexually transmitted diseases are a group of diseases in which sexual contact is the main mode of transmission, and the main lesions occur mostly in the genital area. At present, there are more than 20 kinds of diseases including sexually transmitted diseases in foreign countries, including syphilis, gonorrhea, soft chancre, sexually transmitted lymphogranuloma and inguinal granuloma, which was once called "flower disease". At present, there are more than 20 kinds of diseases including sexually transmitted diseases in foreign countries, including the traditional five sexually transmitted diseases and non-gonococcal urethritis, condyloma acuminata, genital herpes, AIDS, bacterial vaginosis, vulvovaginal candidiasis, Trichomonas vaginalis, acne, yin and hepatitis B. The eight sexually transmitted diseases currently required to be controlled in China are syphilis, gonorrhea, soft chancre, sexually transmitted lymphogranuloma, genital chlamydia trachomatis infection, condyloma acuminata, genital herpes, AIDS. basic knowledge The proportion of sickness: 0.004% - 0.006% Susceptible population: sexual service population, family members of STD patients, gay people, etc. Mode of transmission: sexual transmission, blood transmission, mother-to-child transmission Complications: infertility abortion
Cause
Causes of sexually transmitted diseases
1, the virus
Such as causing genital warts, genital herpes, AIDS.
2, chlamydia
Such as causing sexually transmitted lymphatics, non-gonococcal urethritis.
3. Mycoplasma
Such as causing non-gonococcal urethritis.
4, spiral body
Such as causing syphilis.
5, bacteria
Such as causing gonorrhea, soft squat.
6, fungi
Such as causing vulvovaginal candidiasis.
7, parasites
Such as causing vaginal trichomoniasis, hemorrhoids, haze and so on. These pathogens are widely found in nature and grow and multiply at appropriate temperatures.
Prevention
STD prevention
1. Improve cultural literacy, cleanse yourself, prevent unclean sexual behavior; adopt safe sex.
2. Proper use of reliable condoms.
3, usually pay attention to personal hygiene, do not take drugs, do not share syringes with others.
4, try not to lose blood, try not to inject blood products.
5, when there are genital suspicious symptoms, go to the regular hospital for medical treatment, so that early detection and early treatment.
6, the spouse should go to the hospital for sexually transmitted diseases in time, it is best to avoid sex during treatment, use condoms when needed.
7. Do a good job of cleaning the interior of the home to prevent pollution of clothing and other daily necessities. For example, diligently wash the bedding, and the underwear of the patient should not be mixed with the children. The adults and children sleep in separate beds and use the bathtub and toilet seat separately. Scrub every day, etc.
Complication
Sexually transmitted diseases Complications infertility abortion
1. When a sexually transmitted disease causes vaginitis, a large number of pus cells can swallow sperm. Reduce sperm motility, shorten sperm life, reduce sperm count, and reduce quality.
2, when sexually transmitted diseases cause cervicitis, the discharge of the purulent liquid with bacteria can kill the sperm, even if you survive, it is not easy to smoothly enter the uterine cavity through the cervix.
3. Endometritis caused by sexually transmitted diseases changes the normal environment in the uterus. Even if the sperm that survives and combines with the egg to become a fertilized egg, it cannot be implanted in the uterus.
4, sexually transmitted diseases caused by salpingitis can cause lumen obstruction, sperm and eggs can not meet, this is the main reason for female infertility.
5, ovarian inflammation caused by sexually transmitted diseases, can affect the growth, development and discharge of eggs.
Symptom
Symptoms of sexually transmitted diseases Common symptoms Itching herpes vaginal secretions increased lower abdominal pain dysuria urinary frequency vulvar ulcer inguinal lymph nodes swelling scrotum swelling urgency
1, syphilis:
Syphilis is a chronic, systemic sexually transmitted disease caused by pale (syphilis) spirochetes. It is mainly transmitted through sexual channels. It can be clinically characterized as primary syphilis, secondary syphilis, tertiary syphilis, latent syphilis and congenital syphilis (fetal syphilis). It is listed in the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases.
2, gonorrhea:
Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted disease characterized by urogenital system purulent infection caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae (referred to as Neisseria gonorrhoeae). Its incidence rate ranks second in China's sexually transmitted diseases. Neisseria gonorrhoeae is Gram-negative dicocci, which is difficult to survive without leaving the body. Generally, disinfectants are easy to kill. Gonorrhea occurs mostly in young women and men who are sexually active.
3, genital warts:
Condyloma acuminata is a sexually transmitted disease characterized by proliferative damage of the anal genital area caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Most of them occur in young people between the ages of 18 and 50. After about half a month to 8 months, the average is 3 months after the incubation period. The disease is more common and is mainly transmitted through sexual contact.
4. AIDS:
AIDS is a highly harmful infectious disease caused by HIV infection. HIV is a virus that attacks the body's immune system. It takes the most important T lymphocytes in the human immune system as the main target, destroying the cells in a large amount and depriving the human body of immune function. Therefore, the human body is prone to various diseases, and malignant tumors can occur, and the mortality rate is high. The incubation period of HIV in the human body averages 8 to 9 years. Before AIDS, you can live and work for many years without any symptoms.
5, genital herpes:
Genital herpes is a sexually transmitted disease caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV), mainly HSV-2, and a few are HSV-1. It is one of the common sexually transmitted diseases. Genital herpes can be recurrent, which has a greater impact on the patient's health and psychology; it can also infect newborns through the placenta and birth canal, leading to congenital infections in newborns. Therefore, the disease is also one of the more serious public health problems, and it should pay attention to its effective prevention and treatment.
6, soft squat:
Soft chancre is caused by Haemophilus ducrei infection, which occurs mainly in multiple pain ulcers in the genital area, and is often associated with a sexually transmitted disease of the purulent lesion of the inguinal lymph nodes. The disease is transmitted by sexual intercourse, and there are more males than female patients in clinical practice, which is rare in China.
7, non-gonococcal urethritis:
Non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU) is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, and the like. There is clinical manifestation of urethritis, but no gonococcal bacteria are found in the secretions, and there is no gonococcal growth in bacterial culture. Female patients often have genital inflammation such as cervicitis, so they are also called non-specific reproductive tract infections in women. Because the one-time contact can simultaneously infect Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis, the incubation period of the latter is longer than that of the former. After the gonorrhea is cured, the symptoms of NGU appear again. The name is ureteritis after gonorrhea, which is actually the performance of NGU.
Examine
Sexually transmitted diseases
There are many types of sexually transmitted diseases, and each sexually transmitted disease has several different methods of laboratory tests. The accuracy of these assays is related to whether the patient is properly diagnosed and treated effectively. At present, the commonly used methods for testing STDs are as follows:
1, gonorrhea
(1) Smear method: high accuracy for male acute urethritis, but not for female patients;
(2) Culture method: the most accurate, especially suitable for female patients.
2, non-gonococcal urethritis
(1) smear method: examination of urethral or cervical secretions of neutrophils, the method is simple, but can not determine the pathogen;
(2) Chlamydia trachomatis antigen detection method: simple, but some detection methods are not sensitive;
(3) Mycoplasma culture: It is more reliable, but the interpretation results should be cautious, and should be combined with clinical, because normal people may also be culture positive.
3, syphilis
(1) Dark field microscopy: for patients with hard squat damage;
(2) Non-helical serological tests: such as rapid plasma reagin test (RPR): for the initial screening test, there may be false positives;
(3) Spiral serological test: such as Treponema pallidum particle agglutination test (TPPA), is a confirmatory test for syphilis, but can not be used to judge efficacy, follow-up and so on.
4, genital warts
Generally diagnosed by clinical manifestations, if necessary, 5% vinegar white test and histopathological examination.
5, genital herpes
It can be diagnosed by clinical manifestations, and if necessary, herpes simplex virus antigen test.
6, AIDS
1, the body immune function check
Mainly moderate to above cellular immune defects include: CD4 + T lymphocyte depletion, peripheral blood lymphocytes significantly reduced, CD4 <200 / l, CD4 / CD8 < 1, 0, (normal people 1, 25 ~ 2, 1), The delayed type hypersensitivity skin test was negative, and the mitogen stimulation response was low. NK cell activity decreased.
2. Pathogen examination of various pathogenic infections
For example, PCR method is used to detect related pathogens and histopathological examination of malignant tumors.
3. HIV antibody detection
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, gelatin particle agglutination test, immunofluorescence assay, immunoblot assay, radioimmunoprecipitation assay, etc., the first three are commonly used in screening tests, the latter two are used for confirmatory testing.
4. PCR technology detects HIV virus.
7, soft squat
1, microscopy
Direct smear examination revealed Gram-negative Haemophilus ducrei. This method is not sensitive.
2, training method
Haemophilus culture is positive.
3, pathological examination
There are histopathological features consistent with soft chancre ulcer. Haemophilus ducrei is sometimes found in tissue sections.
4, nucleic acid detection
Detection of Haemophilus ducrei nucleic acid positive by polymerase chain reaction or the like.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of sexually transmitted diseases
diagnosis
Diagnosis can be based on clinical performance and related laboratory tests.
Differential diagnosis
First, benign tumors or neoplasms: genital parts are also common to some slow-developing, persistent and rash or small nodules, the color is black, yellow, red or skin color. The lesion may be pearly penile papulosis, millet rash, melanin sputum, epidermal sputum, superficial lipomatous sputum, skin endometriosis, vestibular gland cyst, sebaceous cyst, multiple lipid vesicles, lipoma, raw Nipple sweat adenoma, hemangioma, leiomyomas, fibroids or cutaneous lymphoma.
Second, allergic diseases: allergies after taking drugs, can cause fixed drug eruption in the glans; drug or food allergies can also cause severe edema; contact with external medicine, contraceptive tools or diapers and other contact dermatitis, such as local erythema, papules , blisters, erosions or ulcers; individual women may have vaginal itching or genital urticaria due to allergic reactions to semen.
Third, precancerous diseases and malignant tumors: leukoplakia, hypertrophic erythema in the genital area, especially those with keratosis, desquamation, sickle-like proliferation and refractory ulcers, may be precancerous diseases or malignant tumors.
4. Non-sexually transmitted infections: When the genital tract is a parasitic bacterium, it can cause acute female genital ulcers. After 2-3 days of sexual intercourse, it can also cause erosiveness due to infection with Helicobacter pylori or F. sinensis or Fusobacterium. .
5. Other diseases: There are also some diseases with complicated causes or unknown etiology, which can also cause genital or systemic diseases, such as corpus cavernosum, plasma cell balanitis, occlusive dry balanitis, mica-like and Keratotic pseudoepithelial balanitis, female vaginal atrophy, dry penis, sclerosing atrophic moss, lichen planus, eczema, seborrheic dermatitis, neurodermatitis, psoriasis, pemphigus, etc.
