children with learning disabilities
Introduction
Introduction to children's learning disabilities Learning disabilities are also known as special developmental disorders. It refers to a type of developmental disorder children, mainly in the development of speech, learning skills (including reading, pinyin, calculations, etc.), motor skills and other aspects of development delay, performance and its actual intelligence level has a significant gap. However, it is not caused by severe mental retardation, sensory organ defects, emotional disorders or lack of learning opportunities. It may be secondary or associated with a sexual disorder or a direct emotional consequence. Children with special developmental disabilities are often unable to receive education in ordinary schools and require special education. More common to boys include specific dyslexia, specific spelling disorders, and specific computational skills barriers. The course of the disease is not as characterized by many other mental disorders as remission and recurrence, which seriously affects the child's learning effect. basic knowledge The proportion of illness: 0.01% of the specific population Susceptible people: children Mode of infection: non-infectious Complications: mental retardation, speech and language disorders in children, phobia in children
Cause
Causes of children's learning disabilities
The cause is unknown and may be related to the following factors:
1. Genetic factors. Gene linkage analysis suggested that there are gene loci that are inherited by autosomal display on the 15th pair of chromosomes; gene loci on the sixth chromosome have also been reported. Some scholars have used binaural sounding technology, electrophysiological method cortical blood flow analysis, transversal half field of view and other methods to study brain function lateralization and found that children with dyslexia have brain structural lateralization abnormalities, which may be abnormal in fetal blood testosterone levels. Due to dysplasia.
2, organic factors. Some people think that it is caused by vestibular dysfunction in the inner ear. Negative life events of parents and families can exacerbate such problems.
3. Environmental factors and nutritional factors.
4. Other factors. In the process of processing such children's writing system, abnormalities or defects occur; or the literacy mode is abnormal or the language path is abnormal. There are different opinions on the relationship between the characteristics of the characters and the difficulty of reading.
Prevention
Child learning ability disorder prevention
prevention
Among primary and secondary school students with learning disabilities, emotional problems and lack of motivation are the main reasons. Early detection and early treatment are the key. It requires the combination of family, school and clinical care, and adopts educational intervention and medical integration measures.
1. Child's own prevention
Students disgusting emotions often stem from negative self-concepts and interpersonal relationships.
(1) Development of learning potential
The training content includes: 1) basic physical and mental training with the development of brain potential; 2) training for learning ability, focusing on teaching students to effectively receive information, processing information and reflection; 3) social adaptability training, ie migration activities Apply the principles, laws, and methods realized in the operation training to their respective studies, work, and life.
(2) The essence of sensory integration training is to let the children participate in the form of games to enrich the child's feelings and stimuli. Children with irregular nervous system development can't accept their feelings in play. In the guidance and training of the sensory integrated therapist, the child is given a variety of vestibular, muscle, joint, skin pressure, visual, auditory, olfactory and other stimuli, and this stimulation is combined with exercise.
2. Family prevention
It is important for parents to improve their educational methods for their children so that they can maintain a good learning mood.
Parents can suppress or reduce the problems of children with learning difficulties to some extent by using emotionally warm parenting methods. Therefore, parents of children with learning difficulties should communicate with their children in a timely manner, increase emotional communication, and establish a harmonious and democratic family atmosphere. Parents can help children to establish a targeted study and life plan and give specific guidance during the implementation process.
Complication
Child learning disabilities Complications, mental retardation, speech and language disorders, pediatric phobia
Learning disabilities can lead to the following complications:
1. Leading children to mental retardation, seriously affecting the child's learning effect, which in turn affects learning ability and multiple obstacles, such as learning skills, language barriers, specific spelling disorders, specific computing skills, and easy to form a vicious circle.
2. The greater influence of children is the formation of another disease in this growth process, which is characterized by childhood emotional disorders, which can be divided into children's separation anxiety disorder, child phobia, child social phobia, children's school phobia, Childhood obsessive-compulsive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder in children.
Symptom
Children's learning ability disorder symptoms common symptoms learning disabilities learning difficulties
Clinical manifestation
It is mainly characterized by special developmental disability of learning ability, which is manifested in the following aspects: in learning, compared with children of the same age, there is significant delay or defect in the development of reading, pinyin, writing, calculation or motor skills, forming learning difficulties. The intelligence is normal or close to normal. Although it is very hard, it is still often graded. The results of the academic performance test are significantly different from the actual intelligence level. There are soft signs through the nervous system examination, EEG abnormalities are more common, there are slow wave activity, abnormal rhythm or limited discharge.
ICD-10 classifies special developmental disorders into the following types:
1 language special developmental disorder: in the Chinese system, the dyslexia is also manifested as: the tone is wrong, the sound of similar structure ("fox" read "orphan"), multi-phonetic reading wrong, reading the word composed of two words A word cannot distinguish between homophones and so on.
2 Special developmental disorders of learning skills: Children can be affected by the ability to recognize and read aloud words in reading. If you can't recall what you read, you can't draw conclusions or reasoning from the materials you read or use general common sense to answer the questions in the special story you read, so you can't use the information in the story. For example, in the case of Linyi pictures, they often do not analyze the relationship between the main body and the background. They cannot analyze the combination of graphics, nor can they integrate the various parts of the figure into a whole. School-aged can be associated with language skills disorders, phonics, computational disorders, etc.; often accompanied by ADHD and behavioral problems. It can also be accompanied by language skills barriers, spelling obstacles, and calculation of obstacles.
3 special developmental disorders of motor function: movement is not coordinated.
4 mixed special developmental disorders. Some children are accompanied by social difficulties and social-emotion-behavioral problems. In addition to academic failures, they can also see school adaptation problems, problems with peer relationships, emotions or conduct disorders.
Examine
Examination of children's learning ability disorder
Neurological examination may have soft signs, EEG abnormalities are more common, slow wave activity, abnormal rhythm or limited discharge.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis and identification of children's learning ability disorder
diagnosis
1, first found in infants or children, the duration of the disease, no relief performance.
2. The clinical features of individual function and unexplained developmental delay are at least one of the following.
(l) Speech special developmental disorders.
(2) School skills with special developmental disorders.
(3) Sports skills have special obstacles.
3. Eliminate mental retardation, developmental disorders caused by childhood autism, childhood schizophrenia and other diseases.
Differential diagnosis
Exclusion of mental retardation, childhood autism, developmental disorders caused by childhood schizophrenia and other diseases, in addition to children with ADHD:
(1) It is characterized by too many activities that are not commensurate with age. In infancy, it can show restlessness, excessive crying, and increased activities. After entering the school, the small movements during class will not stop, or the table will be beaten continuously, or Scribble on the desktop and textbooks, such as dislocated wild horses after class, regardless of the danger to climb or tease with others.
(2) can not concentrate, often vulnerable to external disturbances and distraction, the younger the age, the shorter the time to concentrate, due to hyperactivity and attention disorders, often accompanied by learning difficulties, low scores, but normal intelligence Or close to normal.
(3) Doing things without thinking, regardless of the consequences, acting on impulses, especially easy to provoke, emotional instability, often overreacting to unpleasant stimuli, often perfunctory things, playing games are anxious, often destroying the rules of the game .
(4) Due to neurodevelopmental disorders, there are often fine coordination movements, such as: palms, finger movements, laces, unbuttoned buttons, difficulty in visual-audio conversion, comprehensive hearing difficulties, visual-motion disorders, spatial location Neurological signs such as sensory disturbances may also be accompanied by speech developmental delays and speech abnormalities.
