cranial nerve damage
Introduction
Introduction to cranial nerve injury The cranial nerve is also called the "cranial nerve." A pair of left and right nerves are emitted from the brain. A total of 12 pairs, followed by the olfactory nerve, optic nerve, oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve, trigeminal nerve, augmentation nerve, facial nerve, oculomotor nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, vagus nerve, accessory nerve and hypoglossal nerve, respectively, the trigeminal nerve by the ocular nerve, The maxillary and mandibular nerves are composed. basic knowledge The proportion of illness: 0.001% - 0.002% Susceptible people: no special people Mode of infection: non-infectious Complications: craniocerebral injury, dementia, epilepsy
Cause
Cause of cranial nerve injury
The cranial nerves go out through the fissure holes in the skull base, so when the skull base is fractured due to injury, it is easy to merge with the cranial nerve injury. Therefore, cranial nerve injury is more related to skull base fracture, but other types of brain injury without skull base fracture can also involve the cranial nerve. Cerebral nerve injury includes nerve contusion and nerve rupture. The cranial nerve is compressed by fracture pieces, epiphyses or hematoma, and corresponding dysfunction occurs. Microscopic examination revealed neurodegeneration, necrosis, hemorrhage, demyelination and axonal bending, deformation, fracture and contraction of the injured ball. When the lesion is light, it can return to normal within weeks or months, and it can be permanently damaged when it is heavy. 12 pairs of cranial nerves can be combined with injury due to craniocerebral injury, and symptoms and signs corresponding to dysfunction appear.
Prevention
Prevention of cranial nerve injury
Usually you can eat more nutrients that enhance bone strength, muscle strength and improve recovery.
Complication
Cranial nerve injury complications Complications, brain injury, dementia, epilepsy
1, after the brain injury syndrome: more common. Headache, head weight, dizziness, nausea, fatigue, difficulty in concentration, memory loss, emotional instability, sleep disorders, etc., usually called post-concussion syndrome.
2, neurological symptoms: there are suspected, anxiety, snoring and other manifestations, such as sputum, deafness, hemiplegia, paraplegia and so on.
3, dementia: some patients who severely punish brain trauma for a long time, can be demented state, showing near memory, understanding and judgment significantly reduced, slow thinking. And often accompanied by personality changes, lack of initiative, emotional retardation or irritability, euphoria, loss of shame and so on.
4. Traumatic epilepsy: seizures may occur only after a long period of time.
5, personality disorder: more common in severe craniocerebral trauma, especially in frontal lobe injury, often coexist with dementia. Become emotionally unstable, irritating, self-control, diminished, rude, stubborn, selfish, and incapable. There may also be a state of schizophrenia, with illusory delusions as the main symptom and persecution.
Symptom
Symptoms of cranial nerve injury Common symptoms Facial lightning pain, dizziness, numbness, cranial nerve damage
Olfactory nerve injury, often with ethmoid fracture or frontal brain contusion, such as cerebrospinal fluid leakage, partial or bilateral olfactory partial or complete loss.
Optic nerve injury, often accompanied by anterior and middle cranial fossa fractures involving the tip of the eye and the optic canal. After the patient is injured, vision loss or even blindness occurs, direct light reflection disappears, and indirect light reflection is normal. If the intersection is damaged, the vision of both eyes is impaired and the visual field is defective.
Eye movement, trochle, abduction and trigeminal ocular branch injury often have sphenoid winglet, humeral rock and maxillofacial fractures. In patients with oculomotor nerve injury, diplopia, ptosis, pupil dilation, loss of light reflex, and the outer side of the eyeball are outward; the trochlear nerve injury can be seen when the gaze is downward; the abductor nerve injury can cause the abductor of the damaged side. Restricted, intraocular oblique; trigeminal nerve damage can be seen disappeared corneal reflex, facial dysfunction, chewing weakness, occasional trigeminal neuralgia.
Facial and auditory nerve injuries often have fractures of the humerus and the orthodontic fractures. Facial spasms, 2/3 loss of taste on the ipsilateral tongue, keratitis, tinnitus, dizziness, and neurological deafness occur at different times after injury.
Glossal, vagus, accessory, and hypoglossal nerve injuries rarely occur. There are often occipital fractures. It is difficult to swallow, pharyngeal reflex disappears, 1/3 of the tongue is lost, hoarseness, shoulder sag, atrophy of the injured tongue, and the tongue is affected.
Examine
Examination of cranial nerve injury
1. X-ray skull, skull base tomography, and CT scan inferred brain nerve injury through the fracture line.
2, MRI skull base thin layer scanning even visible nerve root swelling, bleeding, fracture.
3, electrophysiological examination: evoked potential can detect optic nerve, auditory nerve injury.
4, EMG examination can measure facial nerve damage and determine the prognosis.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis and diagnosis of cranial nerve injury
Ask about the medical history and make relevant examinations to clarify the nature and type of headache. It is not advisable to diagnose the sequela of brain trauma without analysis.
