mental disorder
Introduction
Introduction to psychological disorders Psychological disorder refers to a variety of abnormal psychological processes caused by physical, psychological or social reasons, and abnormal behaviors of abnormal personality characteristics. It is a manifestation of a person's inability to act in accordance with the appropriate way of social recognition, resulting in the consequences of his actions. It is not suitable for both myself and society. In clinical practice, the concept of psychopathology is often used to refer to a wide range of psychological abnormalities or behavioral abnormalities as psychological disorders or as abnormal behaviors. Psychological anomalies caused by bad stimuli in specific situations and specific time periods are temporary local abnormalities in normal mental activities. It can include both minor psychological problems as well as more serious mental activity disorders. basic knowledge The proportion of illness: 15% Susceptible people: no special people Mode of infection: non-infectious Complications: Depression Symptoms
Cause
Cause of psychological disorder
Psychological factors (35%):
When people encounter major setbacks or face major choices, they will show emotional anxiety, fear or depression, and some manifestations of frustration after frustration, grief after death of a loved one, troubles caused by interpersonal tension, withdrawal, self-destruction, or anger Even impulsive revenge. It is often the over-applying defense mechanism that comes from my protection and shows a series of maladaptive behaviors.
Physiological diseases and drug stimulation (20%):
Secondary mental disorders caused by various physical diseases and various drugs, physical diseases such as hepatic encephalopathy sequelae, pulmonary heart disease, drug stimulation such as addictive substances, overdose of medical drugs.
Genetic factors (10%):
There is no known cause of primary mental disorder, clinically unified family genetic trends, such as schizophrenia, mood disorders, anxiety disorders.
Other factors (15%):
Such as the subculture of the group, the functional status of the body, etc.
Views of different psychology schools
1. The psychoanalytic school believes that the original impulse, desire, and instinct that are suppressed in the subconscious are the causes of psychological disorders, especially the important role of sexual instinct potential (Ribiduo) and sexual trauma experience in psychological disorders. According to this statement, a person's sexual instinct impulsive (I am) retreats when he or she encounters a psychological dilemma or sexual trauma without being satisfied (a kind of psychological defense mechanism) to a young age, and expresses it in the form of juvenile libido. Lu Yin. Pessimistic, masochistic and other sexual metamorphosis, similarly, neurosis is due to the "self" to avoid the "super-I" intervention and use the psychological defense mechanism to pretend sexual instinct, mixed self-inspection, with no sexual content The psychological symptoms manifested by the psychological symptoms.
2. Behaviorism believes that any behavior of a person is determined by the environment and is learned. Similarly, disease behavior is also determined and learned by the environment, so behavioral correction can be used to treat disease behavior.
3. Cognitive psychology believes that human behavior is mainly determined by cognitive activities, including perceptual knowledge and rational understanding, with particular emphasis on the role of subjective psychological awareness activities. "Disease behavior" comes from the incorrect understanding; therefore, it can take the method of correcting wrong cognition to treat "disease behavior".
PathogenesisThe brain is the organ that receives, transmits, and processes information. It can be compared to a very complex network system that senses through the senses (ie, facial features: hearing, vision, smell, taste, and touch the most important of which is hearing and vision). Receive information inside and outside the body (mainly external), and send out messages through the movements of the organs, movements and postures. The internal information transmission and processing of the brain is mainly caused by chemical synapses through the transmitter to exchange information between neurons. Human psychological activities are closely related to the function of these transmitters; abnormalities in natural psychological activities are also closely related to the transmitters of these different functions: monoamine neurotransmitters (acetylcholine-Ach, norepinephrine-NE, 5-) Serotonin and dopamine-DA, etc. are closely related to the regulation of thinking and emotion. The incidence of schizophrenia and affective disorder is related to this; for example, depression and serotonin, schizophrenia and dopamine. Epilepsy is associated with inhibitory neurotransmitters such as gamma-aminobutyric acid.
Prevention
Psychological disorder prevention
First, cultivate interest and actively participate in outdoor activities.
Second, learn to communicate and handle interpersonal relationships.
Third, enhance self-confidence and put ideas into action.
Fourth, a stable mentality, calmly face difficulties.
Five, contentment is always happy, do not pursue perfection.
Sixth, strengthen self-cultivation and avoid inferior sexual stimulation.
Complication
Mental disorder complications Complications Depression paranoia
1. Under the influence of hallucinations and delusions, patients may commit suicide, wounding, destruction, and social security.
2, the most common in delusions is relationship delusions and murderous delusions, that is, patients think that other people's words and deeds are related to him, are to harm him, are his enemies. Therefore, at any time, the idea that you want to harm me is better than to start with a strong one, so that the patient will have aggressive violence against his imaginary object.
3. The hallucinations are most commonly seen in auditory hallucinations and illusions. The patients often hear conversations that make him unpleasant. What they see is often a scene that makes him horrible.
Symptom
Symptoms of mental disorder Common symptoms Depression and anxiety Pathological gambling, eclipse behavior and emotional abnormalities
Human spiritual activities are organic, coordinated, and unified. From accepting external stimuli to responding, it is a series of activities that are inseparable from each other. Mental activities include feelings, perceptions, memories, thoughts, emotions, attention, will, intelligence, personality, consciousness, etc. Any change in one aspect can be manifested as a mental activity disorder, that is, various aspects of mental activity are not coordinated or mental activities. Inconsistent with the environment, can be expressed as mental anomalies.
The most common mental activity disorders are anxiety, horror, hallucinations, delusions, excitement, depression, mental retardation, conduct disorders, and inability to adapt to the social environment.
Mental disorder classification
The performance of psychological abnormalities can be severe or minor.
The manifestations of psychological abnormalities are diverse, and currently they are generally classified according to the following system.
(1) severe psychological abnormalities: 1 schizophrenia; 2 manic depressive psychosis; 3 paranoid psychosis; 4 reactive psychosis; 5 pathological personality and sexual metamorphosis.
(2) Mild psychological abnormalities: neurosis. Including neurasthenia, rickets, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, phobia, suspected illness, depression.
(3) Psychosomatic disorders: 1 mental disorders associated with physical diseases: including liver, lung, heart, kidney, blood and other visceral diseases, endocrine diseases, collagen diseases, metabolic nutrition diseases, postpartum mental disorders and periodic mental illness. 2 psychological abnormalities caused by various psychosomatic diseases (such as hypertension, coronary heart disease, ulcer disease, bronchial asthma, etc.).
(4) Psychological abnormalities in brain disorders and physical defects: a. toxic psychosis; b. infectious psychosis; c. brain organic psychosis; d. mental disorders associated with intracranial infection; e. intracranial tumor Associated with mental disorders; f. mental disorders associated with cerebrovascular disease; g. mental disorders associated with craniocerebral injury; h. mental disorders associated with epilepsy; i. extrapyramidal diseases and demyelinating diseases Mental disorders; j. senile psychosis; k. mental retardation; l. psychological abnormalities such as sputum, dumb, blindness, paralysis and other physical defects.
(5) Psychological abnormalities under special conditions: 1 psychological abnormalities caused by certain drugs and hallucinogens; 2 psychological abnormalities caused by special environments (aerospace, navigation, diving, high mountains, etc.); 3 hypnosis or certain special consciousness Psychological abnormality in the state.
Examine
Psychological disorder check
1, compare
Just an experience as a standard, there are two aspects of experience: one is the subjective experience of the individual, and the other is the experience of the observer.
Individuals can feel different from the past, such as feeling depressed, unhappy or depressed, and feeling pain, so they need to seek help from a doctor.
Observers have observed that their behavior is different from the past based on their own experience and can be considered abnormal. This method of discrimination is often influenced by subjective factors such as the observer's own experience, knowledge level, observation angle and emotional tendency, so there are certain limitations.
2. Changes in the nature of psychological activities
If it is observed that the patient's psychological activities have obvious qualitative changes, such as hallucinations, delusions, obvious language disorders or behavioral abnormalities, the prompt is a psychological disorder.
3. Social adaptation standards
Because people's behavior and environment are coordinated and consistent. Therefore, people with normal psychology can always adjust their needs, motivations, emotions and desires to adapt to social requirements such as social norms, ethics, customs and customs. Under normal circumstances, the individual's behavior can adapt to the environment and participate in the transformation of the environment; his behavior should be in line with social norms, act according to social requirements and ethics; therefore. Human behavior is always in harmony with the environment. If an individual has social maladaptation, it may reflect that his mental activity may be abnormal. However, people's social adaptation behaviors and abilities are affected by factors such as time, place, culture, customs, etc. Therefore, social adaptation standards should be determined according to specific circumstances.
4, statistical standards
According to statistical standards, people's psychological measurements usually show a normal distribution. Most of the people in the middle are in the normal range of psychology, and both ends are regarded as abnormal. Therefore, to determine whether a person's mental health is normal or not depends on the average level of deviation from the normal person's psychological characteristics. That is to say, a psychological activity is normal for most people under the same conditions; if the general level of deviation from most people is abnormal. Different psychometric techniques have been designed to measure different psychological characteristics. According to the comparison between the measurement result of an individual and the measurement result of the normal population, the normal and abnormal Hu critical state can be distinguished, such as IQ: below 70 is abnormal; 70~90 is determined as critical state; above 90 is normal. In addition, some scales used in clinical practice are also designed using similar principles, and the results can be used for clinical reference.
5, symptoms and etiology standards
Symptoms and etiological criteria treat psychological disorders as physical illnesses. If a person exhibits a certain psychological phenomenon or behavior and can find a pathological anatomy or a pathophysiological change, he or she believes that the person has a psychological disorder or a net victory. Such as drug-induced psychological disorders, can be based on the existence of a certain drug as a basis for judgment. At this time, physical, chemical examination and psychophysiological measurement have important significance.
Diagnosis
Diagnostic identification of psychological disorders
diagnosis
According to the cause, clinical manifestations and related examinations can be diagnosed.
Diagnostic identification
It is often difficult to correctly distinguish between normal and abnormal psychological activities for four reasons:
1. People's psychological activities are invisible. They can only speculate on the process of their psychological activities through individual speech and behavior.
2. Psychological activities are influenced by many factors such as environment, interpersonal and social and cultural relationships, as well as words and behaviors.
3. Individual differences in mental activity are large.
4. There is no clear demarcation between normal and abnormal psychological activities.
Therefore, only one aspect of psychological activity abnormality is still not a psychological disorder; diagnosis of psychological barriers needs to meet certain standards, and individuals themselves feel pain or significantly affect their social interaction or professional function.
