olfactory disorder
Introduction
Introduction to olfactory disorders Olfactory disorder refers to the partial, or all, loss of olfactory function, loss or abnormality. The olfactory nerve is the nerve fiber of the olfactory epithelium that passes through the sieve plate to the olfactory bulb. The olfactory ability is the characteristic of the olfactory cells in the nasal mucosa. The damage of the nasal mucosa, the olfactory bulb, the olfactory silk or the central nervous system is likely to affect the sense of smell. The clinical manifestations are olfactory loss, olfactory loss, olfactory loss, olfactory inversion, and increased sensitivity to scent and olfactory stimulation. basic knowledge The proportion of sickness: 0.01% Susceptible people: no special people Mode of infection: non-infectious Complications: olfactory disorders
Cause
Causes of olfactory disorders
Meningioma (25%):
An invasive tumor of the metastatic tumor or anterior cranial fovea or frontal lobe. The olfactory bulb and the olfactory bulb can be compressed to cause olfactory damage. Many tumors of the anterior cranial fossa and tumors in the saddle area and the saddle invade the olfactory nerve, and the olfactory decline and disappearance; the lesions of the frontal lobe such as glioma and brain abscess can develop olfactory lesions to a certain extent; In the case, increased intracranial pressure, hydrocephalus, and craniocerebral surgery can also produce olfactory disorders.
Traumatic brain injury (22%):
The olfactory olfactory wire through the sieve plate can be torn or the olfactory bulb can be torn (contus). Because the fracture of the skull base is involved in the sieve plate, there is often a loss of unilateral olfactory and cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea. In the case of occipital stress, the contusion is mainly concentrated in the frontal lobe. It is exactly where the bilateral olfactory nerves are located, which is manifested by the loss of bilateral olfactory, sometimes persistent.
Influenza (15%):
The resulting olfactory damage is temporary.
The molecular biology of olfaction is unclear. Nasal mucosa, olfactory bulb, and olfactory neuropathy cause decreased or lost olfactory function; and central nervous system joint damage, usually without any detectable loss of olfactory.
Due to the abnormality of the olfactory nerve in the embryonic stage, the olfactory loss occurs. Occasionally, temporal lobe lesions are accompanied by temporary or paroxysmal scent. Olfactory loss often involves a loss of taste, depending on the volatile substances in the food and drink.
Prevention
Olfactory disorder prevention
Avoid the spread of intracranial inflammation, etc., keep warm when the weather is cold, and avoid diseases such as colds. Four-legged diuretic diuretic swelling, bright hair, improve immunity, brain health, soothe the nerves, eyesight, beauty skin care, anti-aging and radiation resistance, strong branching, lush foliage; stems smooth and hairless, green or green purple, The cross section is nearly round; the leaves are three-leaved and compound, alternate, the leaflets are broadly ovoid, entire, apex acute; flowers are axillary racemes, flowers larger, corolla purple blue; pods ribbed Long square tetrahedron, ribbed wing, serrated, pods of green or purple. It has a certain effect on the prevention of this disease and can be eaten.
Complication
Olfactory disorder complications Complications olfactory disorders
Clinically, there are other manifestations of temporal lobe lesions, such as ipsilateral quadrant hemianopia. Causes a decrease in sense of smell. In patients with snoring and mental illness, olfactory abnormalities and olfactory hallucinations can also occur.
Symptom
Olfactory symptoms common symptoms olfactory inversion olfactory olfactory loss
1. Clinical types There is no uniform classification standard in clinical practice. The common types are:
(1) olfactory sensation: olfactory damage often manifests as a decrease in sensitivity to olfactory stimuli.
(2) Loss of smell: The severe olfactory damage of the day after tomorrow is manifested by the loss of response to olfactory stimuli.
(3) Lack of smell: Innate olfactory loss, manifested as no response to olfactory scent stimulation.
(4) Olfactory inversion: manifested as a dislocation response to olfactory odor stimulation, but not accompanied by olfactory acute injury.
(5) Fantasy: There is no objective scent irritating stimulus, but the patient smells an unpleasant smell that is difficult to describe.
(6) Olfactory sensation: increased sensitivity to olfactory odor irritation.
2. Main performance In general, olfactory disorders often do not attract people's attention, especially unilateral olfactory loss, but clinical unilateral olfactory loss has important positioning significance in early diagnosis.
Influenza, early in the upper respiratory tract infection, due to increased congestion and secretion of the nasal mucosa, temporary olfactory decline, leading to respiratory olfactory decline; if the disease progresses olfactory nerve damage, it produces a neurological olfactory decline However, for irritating substances such as dilute ammonia solution (ammonia), formaldehyde solution (formalin), acetic acid and the like can be felt.
Hysteria dysosmia caused by hysteria can not be identified for the above substances.
Meningiomas, metastases, invasive tumors of the anterior cranial fovea or frontal lobe, can induce olfactory damage by olfactory bulb and olfactory tract, severe olfactory loss, Foster-Kennedy syndrome manifests as ipsilateral olfactory loss, ipsilateral optic atrophy, Lateral optic disc edema.
Intracranial inflammation, tumors, traumatic lesions, etc., involving the stimulation of the olfactory center (located near the hook, hippocampus, amygdala, etc.) can lead to hallucination of smell, the patient can episode one An unpleasant smell.
In patients with snoring and mental illness, olfactory abnormalities and olfactory hallucinations can also occur.
Odor hallucinations are often a precursor to temporal lobe epilepsy. If the olfactory hallucinations are accompanied by loss of consciousness or pouting, chewing, licking tongue and other symptoms, it becomes an uncinate attack, because the olfactory nerve is associated with the bilateral hook and sniffing center. Therefore, when one side of the olfactory radiation or the olfactory cortex is damaged, it does not cause loss of sense of smell, but can cause a decrease in sense of smell.
There have been reports of olfactory inversion when the olfactory bulb or olfactory bundle is damaged, but the olfactory inversion is usually caused by temporal lobe lesions. Therefore, other manifestations of temporal lobe lesions are often associated with clinical manifestations, such as ipsilateral quadrants Partial blindness.
Inflammatory or neuropathic lesions of the olfactory bulb and olfactory tract are less common, but these structures may be affected by meningitis or multiple peripheral neuritis, such as diabetic patients may have olfactory damage, hereditary ataxia-induced peripheral neuritis, Early common sense of olfaction or lack of smell.
Patients with olfactory sensitization are less common, but according to previously reported cases, the patient is very sensitive to olfactory stimuli and becomes the source of discomfort, which is usually a psychiatric condition.
Examine
Examination of olfactory disorders
Laboratory inspection:
1. Cerebrospinal fluid examination.
2. Other necessary selective examination items include: blood routine, blood electrolytes, blood sugar, urea nitrogen, etc.
3. Bottom of the skull, CT and MRI.
4. Otolaryngology examination and olfactory examination.
5. Other necessary optional auxiliary examination items include chest X-ray, electrocardiogram, etc.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of olfactory disorders
(1) olfactory loss: Olfactory damage is often manifested as a decrease in sensitivity to olfactory stimuli.
(2) Olfactory loss: The acquired olfactory damage of the day after tomorrow is manifested by the loss of response to olfactory stimuli.
(3) Olfactory loss: Congenital loss of smell, manifested as no response to odor stimuli.
(4) Olfactory inversion: manifested as a dislocation response to olfactory odor stimulation, but not accompanied by olfactory acute injury.
(5) Fantasy: There is no objective scent irritating stimulus, but the patient smells an unpleasant smell that is difficult to describe.
(6) Olfactory sensation: increased sensitivity to olfactory odor irritation.
