conduct disorder
Introduction
Introduction to conduct disorder Conductdisorder refers to a type of behavioral disorder that under 18 years of age, repeated recurring violations of age-appropriate social norms and ethics in children and adolescents, and infringement of the interests of others or the public. These abnormal behaviors are often referred to as so-called anti-social behaviors in foreign countries, mainly manifested in childhood lie, truancy, fights, sabotage, attacks on others, theft, fraud and other conduct issues. Conduct disorder has the following characteristics: 1 repeated and repeated occurrence; 2 exceeds the range of variation allowed by the child in severity and duration; 3 is difficult to adapt to the social environment; 4 is not caused by physical illness or mental illness; 5 with family education, society The environment has a close relationship and can be divided into two subtypes: antisocial conduct disorder and opposite defiant disorder. basic knowledge The proportion of illness: 0.05% - 0.06% Susceptible people: children and adolescents Mode of infection: non-infectious complication:
Cause
Cause of conduct disorder
(1) Causes of the disease
The individual causes of conduct disorder and its serious types are complex. Although there have been more than 70 years of research, there have been no consistent conclusions, but there are many opinions.
Because juvenile anti-social behavior is a more complex social behavior, involving both the physical quality of the individual and the physiological-psychological-social characteristics of the juvenile. It is also greatly influenced by the family, society and other environments. Many Western scholars have tried in the past. The first factor explains the individual causes of juvenile delinquency, but only some cases can be explained.
Most authors in our country insist on the multi-factor comprehensive view, which understands the causes of juvenile conduct disorder and its serious types as a multi-layered structural system, which has both biological and physical factors, social and family environments, and individual psychology. Conscious factors, the cause of this disease is not isolated, involving social culture, moral education, political economy, family school, many aspects, due to the intricate and negative factors, the negative factors should be regarded as organically linked The continuum examines, that is, they are placed in the overall universal connection and interaction to be discussed. In order to facilitate the presentation, various factors that are more common in individual causes are discussed in detail in the pathogenesis.
(two) pathogenesis
Biological factor
(1) In recent years, many authors have shown that the conduct disorder has a certain role in the biological factors of the cause. For example, many authors such as DOLeuis (1981) have pointed out that juveniles have obvious social behaviors with children, juvenile craniocerebral and facial trauma. Perinatal damage is closely related. The results of a systematic survey of children and juvenile conduct disorders and juvenile delinquency in the 1980s by the Institute of Mental Health of the North Medical University prove that these children, juveniles are compared with the control group without conduct and obstacles. It indicated that children in the study group had significantly more craniocerebral trauma, perinatal diseases or trauma, and central nervous system infections, including epilepsy, etc., in the personal history, the perinatal period during childbirth, and the infants and young children. Diseases, a small number of cases (cases) and more serious physical diseases than the control group, many foreign scholars based on juvenile offenders and the control group (non-adolescent offenders) study results show that conduct disorder and its serious types of parents of the second generation, three generations of families Among the members, mental illness, mental retardation, dementia and other patients were significantly more than the control group without antisocial behavior Some studies have also pointed out that the study group has a slow developmental performance in infants and young children, such as talking late, walking, teeth growing late, and the study also shows that the IQ test results of juvenile offenders are often low IQ (such as IQ) Usually 90 or less), especially repeated offenses, Wect and Farriugton (1973) found that after controlling for family factors, low IQ is still evident.
Aggressiveness is also a psychological trait. It is regarded as a major component of conduct disorder. Like other psychological traits such as impulsiveness and seeking stimulating behavior, it has an intrinsic biological connection with the occurrence of conduct disorder. Mednick (1981) has violence. Behavioral juvenile offenders have shown that those with abnormal EEG (excessively slow Theti waves and abnormally fast Beta waves) account for 1/4 to 1/2, but in the general (normal) population, the abnormal performance is only 5% to 25% ( Kovi, l978), this abnormal EEG change is explained by the slow development of brain development in juvenile offenders. Zuckerman et al. developed the Sensation seeking scale (SSS) for the evaluation of the most appropriate stimulus. SSS includes 4 The main aspects: looking for excitement and adventure, looking for experience, irresistible to emotion, susceptibility to trouble, high SSS scores, more mental abnormal behavior, and trouble susceptibility and children's conduct disorder have a significant relationship.
Raine et al. conducted a galvanic response to 101 children aged 14 to 16 years, heart rate and EEG. About 10 years later, they searched the criminal records of the 101 teenagers nationwide. The results showed that 17 teenagers had crimes. Record, compared with juveniles without criminal record, their skin electrical activity is low, heart rate is low, low-frequency EEG activity is more, Raine and other hypotheses that the low level of awakening of criminal juvenile autonomic nerve to cerebral cortex is the genetic quality of crime. .
(2) Genetic factors: As we all know, genetic factors play an important role in a person's behavioral pattern. In theory, the relationship between genetics and individual behavior is more or less influenced by social and environmental factors, and it is difficult to establish an individual. Which of the behaviors are genetically determined and which are socially and environmentally determined. From clinical observations, parents who have antisocial behavior or criminal records have significantly increased their behavioral problems, and modern clinical genetic studies (Thrishiansn, 1977) ; Dalgaard et al., 1976) found that the common crime rate between single-ovid twins and twin-oval twins is significantly different, the former is 35%, the latter is 13%, which clearly indicates that the criminal behavior has a certain genetic effect, twins The shortcoming of the study is that it is difficult to accurately distinguish the different roles of genetics and acquired environmental factors in twins raised in the same family environment. Therefore, Crowe et al. (1978) proposed a foster foster research method, and Crowe's foster child research on adult criminals. Prove that if the father is a criminal, his son is also a criminal, but it is not related to the adoptive father, Rutter (19 83) It is considered that the genetic factors in the causes of juvenile delinquency are of less importance, and it is pointed out that genetic factors are of great significance for the repeated anti-social behavior of juveniles and the repeated violations into adulthood.
Another group of scholars conducted a very meaningful study in the early 1990s. They surveyed 300 foster children and their foster families, all of whom were fostered separately from their biological parents after birth. The survey found that the crimes or illegalities of the biological parents are related to the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder of the children who are fostered, and that fostering a family with low socioeconomic level may lead to antisocial personality disorder after adulthood (Cadoret and Stewart, 1991). In non-foster families, there are similar findings that illustrate the importance of genetic factors in the occurrence of conduct problems.
(3) Biochemical changes: The psychochemical study of individuals with impulsive, aggressive, and antisocial behaviors focuses on monoamine neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine, dopamine and 5-HT and its two metabolic enzymes, dopamine. On -hydroxylase (DH) and monoamine oxidase (MAO), studies in adults have shown that 5-HT levels are associated with aggressive behavior and violent behavior, and 5-HT metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid are found in children and adolescents 5- Destructive behavioral disorders (including ADHD, antagonistic defiant disorder, and conduct disorder) are more common in individuals with low oxyhydrazide.
Norepinephrine, dopamine and 5-HT systems play an important role in individual behavior and the external environment and its regulation. Quay (1988) cites the behavioral promotion system (BFS) and behavioral inhibition system described by Gray (1982, 1987) ( BIS) and use this to explain children's behavior.
BFS is a broad behavioral system whose function is to promote behavioral active adaptation to the environment. It is integrated within the midbrain dopamine system and is activated by rewards and aversive stimuli.
BIS is a combination of "comparison" and "suppression" to compare the actual environment and expected behavior. When inappropriate behavior occurs, it inhibits BFS, which is completed by norepinephrine and 5-HT in the septal hippocampal system. .
Under normal circumstances, norepinephrine, dopamine and 5-HT 3 transmitter systems are in an equilibrium state to maintain proper behavior.
BFS/BIS, the relative intensity of dopamine/norepinephrine plus 5-HT, affects the individual's behavior at a certain point in time. When BIS is strong, it shows attention and good discrimination to the environment. On the contrary, BFS is relatively strong. At times, self-control is poor, relying too much on the external environment to maintain proper behavior, and any kind of high or low transmitter function can break this balance, followed by behaviors of imbalance or imbalance.
2. Social environment, family environment factors Many scholars have long emphasized that juvenile conduct disorder and its serious types are most common in families with low socioeconomic status. Although there have been different disputes in recent years, many scholars, such as Braithcoaite (1981), have confirmed juvenile delinquency and Low socioeconomic status is relevant, but may not be as close as previously envisaged. Studies in Japan and China in the past 10 or 20 years have shown that the parents of such teenagers are obviously workers, and farmers are relatively large, West ( 1983) pointed out that this type of juvenile family is a poor and low-cultural family. It has been studied repeatedly for decades, and it has been repeatedly verified by different disciplines, different nationalities and social cultures, which proves that family environmental factors are the cause of juvenile conduct and its serious types. The most important and important reason has been recognized by scholars around the world.
Juvenile period is an important stage in which a person's physiology-psychological maturity and socialization are constantly perfected. It is an intermediate transition period from gradual development to maturity. There are complex and multi-faceted immature factors and mature factors intertwined. Instability, the family is the most important force affecting children and adolescents. One of the most important functions of the family is to raise and educate children, educate their children to gradually lead to perfect socialization, and school age and adolescence are a period of accepting socialization. The first stage lays a foundation for the socialization of children. The world outlook is gradually formed. The shaping and formation of social roles are mostly rooted in children. During the period of adolescence, parents help and nurture children to accept social norms and codes of conduct through social learning. Gradually internalizing the behavioral patterns recognized by the society as a component of the personality of the person, and internalizing the behavioral model of social opposition into the power of the conscience of the person, forming the motivation that restricts the behavior of the person, so that the boy is the original The "natural person" has become a member accepted by society. This process is a process of socialization. The vast majority of young people can successfully complete socialization through continuous improvement of socialization, but there are also a few teenagers. According to foreign long-term longitudinal research, about 30% of teenagers are mainly due to family, school, etc. The strong influence of certain non-social factors leads to the acquisition of bad behaviors. The family is the basic unit of society. The functional role and influence of the family can affect the consolidation and development of the society to a large extent. Close emotional connection, the function of parenting and education can restrict a large number of bad ideas and behaviors that violate social norms and codes of conduct, and limit or eliminate them within the family, so as not to spread to society, thus ensuring social stability and stability. The powerful exertion of this kind of social control function is the most basic power and root cause of social control, the bad and non-social family environment factors, and the problem family factor is largely related to the juvenile conduct disorder, especially Is related to juvenile delinquency, certain prevention and treatment measures, education and behavior Being, to a large extent have to rely on family members such as parents and school communities together in conjunction, it may be better to complete the main family environment factors as follows:
(1) Serious family disharmony: "Fractured family" such as serious contradictions within the family, long-term quarrels, family long-term negative emotional atmosphere, temporary or permanent separation of major family members, even divorce, parents and families, single parents Families, especially single-parent families, are often more difficult for poor families to raise and educate their children. Early studies have broken the meaning of broken families. For example, the results of the study by American scholar Glueck on the control group of 500 juvenile offenders and juvenile offenders in the United States indicate juvenile offenders. 60% of the people were born in a broken family (that is, a family with two parents), and about 30% of the juveniles were born in non-ruptured families. Later, there were a lot of similar research reports, but in recent years, the family structure and ethnicity, gender, crime category The importance of the community, such as the community, is not as important as Glueck estimates.
(2) Lack of love, warm parent-child relationship: Bolwly (1969) has long proposed the significance of parent-child relationship in childhood, which has a great effect and influence on the future development of children's physical and mental health and normal social relations. The results of scholars have consistently suggested that there is a lack of intimate parent-child relationship, children and parents lack emotional identity, lack of intimate emotional communication, children do not agree with the role of parents, and are closely related to the formation of juvenile delinquency, Mccord et al (1982) on growth In the ruptured family, children aged 5 to 15 years old conducted a 30-year follow-up study. As a result, among the children who grew up in the ruptured family, 61.8% of the children who grew up in the lack of maternal love families had juvenile delinquency; If there is a mother's house of love, only 21.6% of the young people will be committed in the future. This shows that the key to the problem is not to break the family, but whether the mother has a close, beloved relationship with the child, and love between the parents and the child. Relationships with the above-mentioned parents and parental supervision, improper management and other factors are sometimes difficult to distinguish precisely, the interrelationship between these factors is still For further study.
(3) Parents lack supervision or supervision of children: Many authors acknowledge that this reason is also one of the important causes. The lack of supervision on children refers to the daily activities of children, and parents do not impose restrictions or regulations. For example, children can have independent activities, parents. Fully laissez-faire, Chinas systematic investigation of the causes of juvenile delinquency (1987) shows that juveniles lost in the family, school, and society are totally criminalized, accounting for a very high rate (ie, accounting for more than 95%). Many studies at home and abroad have shown that losing family and school education, idle, no fixed occupations, wandering in the community, juvenile behavioral obstacles, the rate of juvenile crime is higher.
(4) The parental discipline of the child is too strict or inappropriate: the parents adopt excessively harsh and rude attitudes toward the child, such as excessive punishment and corporal punishment. This is consistently recognized by scholars at home and abroad as a barrier to conduct and juvenile delinquency. The formation of behavior is one of the important reasons. The study by Chinese and foreign scholars also found that the father or mother is strictly controlled, while the other side prefers or adopts a method of intifference and inconsistency in the discipline. It will have serious consequences for the child, excessive spoil, and excessive protection. It will also have a greater impact on the formation of anti-social behavior.
(5) Bad social interaction: The theory of social learning believes that individual behavior is acquired, and the behavior of the surrounding people, parental behavior, and media propaganda directly affect the behavior of children. Most of the juveniles are not at the beginning. Obvious criminal intentions or motives, but in social interactions, the bad partners, the temptation of friends or the violence in television, the influence of pornographic books and television content, generate illegal motives and participate in illegal criminal activities, leading to sexual assault and sexual crimes. Therefore, bad social interactions are often the mediating factors that promote the behavioral disorder of juveniles and the motives of serious types of crimes. This shows that the influence of subcultures is a reason that cannot be ignored. In the context of local culture, peers or peers tend to There are the same values and the criteria for judging right and wrong. The correct guidance will become the praise of the "learning Lei Feng team", "helping people to be squad"; if you are not correctly guided, there will be groups of smoking, destruction, fighting, extortion, theft and other gangs. Students with poor learning will have the same view of learning, and there will be more problems in these students. , social unacceptable behavior, and increased learning decline, so that its prestige in the companion decline.
In addition, the proportion of juvenile offenders in a multi-population family (more than 5 in China) is high. From the perspective of the family's cultural quality and education level, the majority of the juvenile offenders belong to the low culture, and the criminals in the family members also have juvenile delinquency. The more important roles and influences, the interrelationship between the above main factors, and the theoretical mechanism are not enough. Although various hypotheses can support some cases, they are still difficult to apply universally, and they cannot Severe types of interventions provide effective help (Ruttec et al., 1983). The theoretical hypothesis of Chinese authors' individual causes is a multi-reverse (negative) factor synthesis theory that anti-social behavior is one of the natural and social attributes. Social behaviors that violate social norms, although generally speaking, social factors always play a major role in the cause, but any social factor is through the individual's individual physiological-psychological mechanism, or it can be said that it is through the individual brain. The material process is formed by the individual's psychological and behavioral barriers.
Prevention
Conduct disorder prevention
Because of juvenile conduct disorder, especially juvenile delinquency, it is a complex social and historical issue involving a wide range of content. It is not a simple medical problem. It is necessary to discuss objective prevention before intervening intervention and treatment. This is necessary to explain our countrys conduct on juvenile delinquency. The effective comprehensive governance policies and measures are limited in length and only slightly discussed micro-prevention.
Conduct disorder is a serious consequence of children's behavior problems. Once a child's behavioral problems develop into conduct disorder, its treatment is drug-free, and behavioral therapy and psychotherapy may be helpful, but it is very difficult to correct, so early prevention is to prevent The formation of conduct disorder is extremely important.
In terms of prevention, first of all, in the family education and management, in order to avoid the obstacles to the development of children's behavior problems, as a parent to build a warm, caring family for children, the ability of children in childhood to distinguish between right and wrong is not perfect, and then Coupled with its strong imitation, it lacks resistance to social unhealthy phenomena, so parents should pay attention to avoid contact with bad people or publicity materials, and establish democratic parent-child relationship. Children's psychological development has its own uniqueness. There are obvious differences. If parents and teachers start from the perspective of adults and blindly compare between children, it is easy to make children nervous and anxious. These children tend to shrink and use aggressive behavior to vent. The inner nervousness, therefore, parents and teachers should understand the child's psychological characteristics and temperament characteristics, cultivate their wide range of interests and hobbies, make them happy, reduce tension and anxiety, now more and more parents pay more attention to children's intelligence Development, but according to the survey, learning difficulties caused by non-intellectual factors accounted for 93.1% of children with learning difficulties Weariness, truancy and other behavioral problems increased significantly, so that early education should be based on non-intellectual factors, cultured personality, mental health foundation.
Parents should be good at education and guidance, so that children can smoothly and gradually improve the socialization process, that is, to make children learn social norms, codes of conduct, establish correct right and wrong and moral concepts, and learn to correctly handle individuals and others, individuals and families and society. The relationship, secondly, the school is the most important base for children to further develop social awareness. The children have received in-depth social learning, especially in the school to accept the cultivation of intelligence and morality, and effectively develop the individual's internal labor and self-control ability, gradually The child is cultivated into a person who is good for the society. Juvenile delinquency or criminal behavior is not a problem of the juvenile itself, but a social problem. Therefore, in the prevention and intervention, the above-mentioned micro-prevention and macro-prevention focusing on the family must be taken. (National, community-based preventive intervention and treatment systems) to form a complete social network system that protects young children and children, as well as prevention, intervention, treatment of juvenile conduct disorders and their serious types, forming and exerting integrity Actively protecting the organization and strength of interventions is essential This means that from family discipline, to school education, community help groups to help teach, work school centralized management education to juvenile correctional institutions, labor education organization punishment and centralized reform education, and other forms of integrated prevention, intervention, education, transformation of the complete system, And different treatments for different natures, different levels of harm to the social level, treatment, and play the role of the state and society in all aspects, and work together.
At present, for micro-prevention and intervention, the important task is to improve the cultural education quality of parents to improve and strengthen the family education of children and adolescents. One of the main problems in family education is the rudeness, connivance and confrontation of childrens discipline. The child's pampering love.
For most patients with conduct disorder, their antisocial behavior is a temporary manifestation. Generally, these behaviors are gradually reduced or even disappeared before reaching adulthood. The responsibility for prevention and intervention of such patients is mainly Falling on the shoulders of both parents, and based on domestic and international experience, the most effective interventions are the parents of the patients, and there are some negative lessons to explain if the police or government agencies prematurely conduct childhood and juvenile delinquency Interventions often mess things up. Such interventions often form obvious trauma. This is because children, young children are young, mental and physical development is immature, lack of ability to distinguish between right and wrong, easy to accept adverse external influences, and to protect minors from the spirit. Injury, in order to facilitate the patient's rehabilitation, patients with minor or first-time conduct disorder should avoid community intervention or public, inspection, legal department trials, conduct barriers to the family, school discipline and education can not achieve significant effects or serious Plot patients, according to conditions and conditions can participate in neighborhood streets, residents organizations For help groups or community work schools to obtain community intervention or treatment, most patients can stay in the original school, factory, unit, etc., to participate in the help group to receive help, some people can be sent to the work school for centralized education, which is usually emphasized abroad. Therapeutic community interventions are techniques and methods for teaching participants to solve difficulties in interpersonal relationships and improve family relationships. Work-study schools are one of the special educational institutions that save minor harmful behaviors. After 1 to 2 years of concentrated study and receiving help education, after recognizing and correcting mistakes, returning to normal schools to continue studying, you can also participate in work according to conditions, and the juveniles who are not criminally responsible for crimes are effective. The method is reeducation through labor. It is a compulsory education reform measure. It is different from prison in terms of management methods.
Juvenile criminals who have serious crimes and are more harmful, or who have reached the age of criminal responsibility, must be punished according to law. The education of juvenile offenders must carry out the spirit of educational reform and transformation. The purpose of punishment is to transform criminals into beneficial ones. Newcomers to society.
Recently, the application of behavioral correction therapy (Farraigrm, 1979; Gross, 1980; Pattason et al.) has been widely used abroad. The establishment of a residential group homes is generally established within the community. The traditional disciplinary institution is to place juvenile offenders in a family-like living environment. The emphasis within the institution is self-control and strengthening of responsibility. The specialized teachers and psychologists train the juvenile social skills. Young people in the organization can visit their parents and keep in touch with some friends. If they can return to their original school, they can return to their parents' homes. Sarason (1998) and Pattecson (1974, 1980) are still implementing this. In the treatment, patients and their parents are given the same knowledge, experience and training to improve the interpersonal relationship among family members and society.
Complication
Conduct disorder complications Complication
Mainly anti-social behavior, refers to behaviors that do not meet ethical norms and social norms. Performance repeatedly stealing valuables or large amounts of money at home or outside; blackmailing or robbing others for money or burglary; forcing sexual intercourse or defamation with others; physically abusing others (such as binding, knife cutting, acupuncture, burning) Burning, etc.; holding weapons to deliberately hurt others; deliberately set fire; often lie, skip school, run away or run away without permission; regardless of parental ban, stay away from night; participate in bad gangs in society, do bad things together, deliberately destroy other people's property or Public property.
Symptom
Conduct disorder symptoms Common symptoms Impulsive wrath and anger can cause anxiety, depression, and behavior
Mainly anti-social behavior, refers to behaviors that are not in line with ethical norms and social norms, and often repeatedly steal valuables or large amounts of money at home or outside; extort or rob others of money or burglary; force sexual relations with others or Defamation of the body; physical abuse of others (such as binding, knife cutting, acupuncture, burning, etc.); intentional injury to others; deliberate arson; often lying, truant, arbitrarily leaving or running away; regardless of parental ban, often Night does not return; participate in bad gangs in society, do bad things together, deliberately destroy other people's property or public property.
Attack others or animals
Injury, beating, threatening, intimidating others; abusing small animals or children smaller than him or her; or using hard objects or instruments such as knives, guns, sticks, stones, etc., causing physical harm to others, and boys appearing as bodies Sexual assault, girls are often expressed as verbal attacks, such as cursing, insulting, etc.; robbery of money, when the young is manifested as robbery, extortion of classmates, older people or a group of people robbing passers-by, armed robbery, etc.; male in bad factors Under the influence of sexual assault on women, forcing others to have sex with themselves, women can benefit from sexual relations with the opposite sex to meet their own lusts, and even embark on the road of prostitution.
2. Oppositional violations
Refers to obvious disobedience, disobedience or provocation against adults, especially parents, manifested as frequent lying (not to evade punishment); easy anger, temper, often resentful, resentful or revenge; often refused Or ignore the adult's requirements or regulations, long-term severe disobedience; often blame others for their negligence or misconduct; often quarrel with people, often with parents or teachers; often deliberately interfere with others; often violate collective discipline, not Accept criticism.
3. Deliberate destruction of property
Deliberately destroying other people's goods or public property, destroying other people's goods, destroying other people's goods, smearing in public places or scenic spots, making valuable items lose value, setting fires and other means to cause economic losses to others.
4. Stealing, fraud is more manifested as taking the parents' money or things first. The amount is small at the beginning. When the money is not enough to satisfy their own consumption, they will steal the classmates, steal the passers-by, steal the store, and sometimes get the parents money. Make a lie to deceive.
5. Violation of social norms
Often lie to defraud benefits (physical or spiritual), or to evade responsibility (punishment, blame); truancy, because of aversion to study or poor academic performance, children tell parents to go to school, to teachers because it is because of home Something, but wandering outside the school, playing video games, playing; staying out at night, often staying outside, although the parents can not correct the persuasion, serious people can wander around, begging the streets, boys are easily used by the bad guys, girls are easy to be lured And even being trafficked.
The above behaviors occur under the age of 18, which will obviously affect the social interaction of the children. Learning, the behavioral disorder that occurs before the age of 10 is called the childhood episode, and most of them appear as separate actions, so it is also called non-social type. Gang type, the behavior disorder that occurs after the age of 10 is called a juvenile episode. If it is a group action, it is called a social type and a gang type.
If the above-mentioned character problems are serious, and the nature and severity are enough to achieve violation of the law, it constitutes a juvenile crime and is subject to legal sanctions.
6. Other issues that accompany
Szatmari et al (1989) found that pure character disorder was 2.6% among boys aged 4 to 11, pure ADHD was 5.1%, and 3.7% of both children were present; girls had pure conduct disorder 1.0%, and pure ADHD accounted for 2.2%. 1.2% of children have both, 42% of children with ADHD have conduct disorder, 56% to 59% of children with conduct disorder have ADHD, and 16% to 33% of children with conduct disorder have depression, 62% Children can have anxiety disorders at the same time.
Children with conduct disorder may have cognitive impairments, intellectual problems, and insufficient ability to solve problems, complete social activities, and adapt to society.
7. Merger issues
Often combined with ADHD, emotional depression or anxiety, emotional instability or irritability, may also be associated with developmental disorders, such as poor language expression and acceptance, reading difficulties, sports incoordination, low IQ.
Patients with conduct disorder are generally self-centered, blaming or controlling others, deliberately attracting attention, defending their mistakes, selfishness, and lack of compassion.
Examine
Inspection of conduct disorder
There is currently no specific laboratory test for this disease. When other conditions, such as infection, occur, laboratory tests show positive results from other conditions.
There is currently no specific laboratory test for this disease. When other conditions occur, the auxiliary laboratory test shows positive results of other diseases.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis and identification of conduct disorder
diagnosis
According to the characteristics of children's behavior disorder, the diagnosis of conduct disorder is not difficult. If the patient has anti-social behavior, aggressive behavior and the clinical manifestation of opposite defiant behavior, it lasts for more than half a year, and seriously affects the companion, teachers and students. Parent-child relationship or academics can be diagnosed as anti-social conduct disorder. If the patient is under 10 years of age and only shows opposite defiant behavior, and there is no anti-social behavior and aggressive behavior, it is diagnosed as a contradiction.
Differential diagnosis
1. Children with ADHD
Due to hyperactivity and impulsivity, patients often have fighting and disputes with their peers, failing to abide by school disciplines, etc., and may also have resistance and aggressive speech due to setbacks, but ADHD patients also have obvious attention deficits, through the central nervous system. Symptoms can be improved after stimulant treatment, which is differentiated from conduct disorder. If ADHD patients have clinical manifestations of conduct disorder, two diagnoses should be made.
2. Mood disorder
In the episode of mania or depression, attacks, destruction or confrontational behavior may occur, but patients have obvious emotional ups and depressions. Behavioral abnormalities are only one aspect of clinical manifestations, and all symptoms can disappear after the corresponding drug treatment.
3. Childhood schizophrenia
Patients may have behavioral problems before, at the beginning of the disease and after the illness, but this is only part of the clinical manifestations. Patients also have the basic symptoms of schizophrenia, such as hallucinations, delusions, thinking disorders, sensory disturbances and language abnormalities. After antipsychotic treatment, various symptoms including behavior will be alleviated or completely disappeared.
4. Mental retardation
Due to low intelligence, poor thinking and judgment, and prone to aggressive behavior, some illegal and antagonistic behaviors may occur. However, mental retardation patients have low intelligence and poor social adaptability, which can be differentiated from conduct disorder. If the patient has two types of problems at the same time, and the severity of the behavioral problem cannot be completely attributed to mental retardation, it should be diagnosed as a mental retardation with a conduct disorder.
5. Brain organic mental disorders
Due to brain tissue damage, impaired brain function, behavioral disorders may occur, and brain trauma, epilepsy, etc. may have aggressive behavior or antisocial behavior, such as impulsive injury, destruction, difficult management, etc. Some patients may also appear Lies, theft and sexual assaults are similar to the performance of conduct disorders, but their history of brain damage and positive signs of the nervous system can be distinguished from conduct disorders.
