Skull fractures and related deformities
Introduction
Introduction to skull fracture and related malformations The cranial fissure and related malformation belong to the neural tube insufficiency malformation. The embryonic ganglion is formed and developed into a nerve groove to the caudal end. On the 21st day, the neural crest on both sides of the nerve sulcus merges into the dorsal lateral medulla to form a neural tube. The fusion begins from the thoracic segment to the head and the tail end. The tail end is closed at the 2nd week. The head end closure is about 2 days earlier than the tail end. After the neural tube is closed, it gradually separates from the epidermis and moves to the deep part of the body wall. The head develops into a cerebral vesicle and the rest develops into a spinal cord. At the 11th week of the embryo, the bony spinal canal was completely healed. When the neural tube is healed by internal and external factors, a cranial or spina bifida may occur. basic knowledge The proportion of illness: the incidence is extremely low, about 0.0025% Susceptible people: no special people Mode of infection: non-infectious Complications: skull defect spina bifida spina bifida and related malformations
Cause
Cranial fissure and related malformations
Causes:
Simple mesoderm occlusion can form a recessive cleft or a recessive spina bifida. The cause of neural tube regurgitation is complicated. Except for some family history, it is related to heredity. It is generally considered to be related to the adverse factors during embryonic period, such as Infection, metabolic diseases, poisoning and climate anomalies.
Pathogenesis:
When the neural tube is affected by interference during the healing process, it may cause craniotomy, spina bifida and related malformations. Early closure is manifested as severe craniocerebral malformations, such as inferior phalangeal dementia (exencephaly), demental malformation (exencephaly) And noence of the brain (anencephaly), late closure of the formation of meningocele or meningoencephalocele, for the convenience of description, generally referred to as brain bulge (encephalocele or cephalocele).
The bulging brain tissue can be normal or atrophy, and the bulging is mostly located in the midline. The meningocele that occurs in the nasal root is often accompanied by a widening of the distance (hyperrhinoplaty or hypertelorism). The recessive craniotomy is rare and does not form. Significant cystic bulging, including congenital epithelial sinus, congenital cranial fissure and rudimentary encephalocele.
Prevention
Skull fracture and related malformation prevention
Including avoidance of close relatives marriage and advanced age, low birth weight, prevention of exposure to radiation and viral infections in early pregnancy, careful use of drugs, increase nutrition, supplementation of folic acid and zinc during the marriage period can reduce the rate of neural tube defects by 75%. Eliminate irregular abortions and so on. Pregnant women maintain physical and mental health, with multiple left lateral positions to prevent uterine artery pressure and hypoxia. Listening to beautiful music often improves fetal brain development. Pregnancy should be terminated in patients with elevated AFP in amniotic fluid. Pay attention to the perinatal care of pregnant women and avoid the adverse effects of embryos during the embryo, such as infection and metabolic diseases.
Complication
Cranial fissure and related malformations Complications skull defect spina bifida and related malformations
Other malformations and/or neurological dysfunction can be combined.
Symptom
Cranial fissure and related malformation symptoms Common symptoms Bone fracture oblique head deformity Skull base malformation Dural bulge
Cranial fissures and related malformations are mainly cystic bulging, collectively referred to as encephalocele or cephalocele, which vary in their size and location.
Examine
Skull fracture and related abnormalities
Blood, urine, routine examination, cerebrospinal fluid examination, blood immunology.
1. Radiological examination of plain radiographs, CT and MRI.
2. Prenatal diagnosis of fetal amniotic fluid chromosomes, genetic testing.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of skull fracture and related malformation
diagnosis
The diagnosis of typical brain bulging is not difficult. Conventional X-ray cranial radiography is obviously unable to meet the needs of diagnosis. CT and MRI should be the first choice for diagnosis.
Differential diagnosis
Need to be differentiated from subcutaneous cysts, cholesteatoma, hemangioma or even subcutaneous hematoma or abscess, the above diseases do not necessarily occur in the midline, can not squat and skull defects, do not increase the tension of cystic mass when crying, negative light transmission test, etc. For differential diagnosis.
