foot and mouth disease
Introduction
Introduction to Foot and Mouth Disease Foot and mouth disease (footandmouthdisease) is a zoonotic disease that is an acute infectious disease caused by foot-and-mouth disease virus. The most susceptible is the cattle, the pigs are also susceptible, sheep, goats, camels, elephants, etc. have reports of the incidence, people can also be infected. It is mainly caused by contact between humans and animals. The main clinical manifestations are the lips, gums, cheeks, the edges of the tongue, the mucous membranes on the face of the hands and feet, the red spots on the skin, the secondary blisters, the blister rupture and ulceration. Healing, accompanied by fever, headache, limb pain, dizziness, vomiting, diarrhea, etc., the general prognosis is better. basic knowledge The proportion of illness: 0.01% - 0.05% Susceptible people: no specific population Mode of infection: contact spread Complications: Coxsackie virus infection
Cause
Foot and mouth disease cause
Bacterial infection (45%):
The diseased animal infects the skin and the mucosa of the digestive tract infects the human body to multiply and spread nearby cells, forming blister on the skin, and then the virus enters the bloodstream to cause viremia and skin, organ tissue lesions and corresponding symptoms, and hemorrhagic inflammation of the stomach and large intestine mucosa .
Disease factors (35%):
Some viral infections lead to myocardial lesions, diffuse and punctiform hemorrhage in the pericardium, gray-white or yellowish spots or streaks on the myocardial section, like the markings on the tiger, so called the tiger spot.
Prevention
Foot and mouth disease prevention
Strengthen management and quarantine. This disease is a zoonotic disease. When there is a suspected foot-and-mouth disease, it should be reported in time. At the same time, comprehensive measures of partial blockade, isolation, disinfection and treatment should be strictly implemented. Any staff who have close contact with sick animals should pay attention.
Complication
Foot and mouth disease complications Complications Coxsackie virus infection
Due to skin damage and skin integrity, the disease may be caused by bacterial infection or fungal infection caused by scratching, usually secondary to low constitution, or long-term use of immunosuppressive agents and fungal infections such as onychomycosis, such as concurrent Bacterial infections may have symptoms such as fever, swelling of the skin, ulceration, and purulent secretion. Severe cases can lead to sepsis, which should be brought to the attention of clinicians.
Symptom
Foot and mouth disease symptoms Common symptoms Herpes nausea fatigue Dizziness Hypotension Hyperthermia Congestive diarrhea Lymph node enlargement
The incubation period of various animals infected with this disease is not exactly the same. The incubation period of cattle is 2 to 4 days, up to 1 week; the incubation period of pigs is 1 to 2 days; the incubation period of sheep is about 7 days.
1. Latency: The incubation period of human beings is 2 to 6 days. The human onset process is very similar to that of susceptible animals. It is characterized by elevated body temperature, oral fever, dry mouth, flushing of oral mucosa, and blisters. Blisters also appear on the skin of the hands and feet.
2. Prodromal period: the disease is not obvious, often manifested as general malaise, fatigue, accompanied by oral cavity, localized congestion of the glossopharynx and cervical lymphadenopathy. Often mild headache, discomfort and fever.
3. The rash period: the original herpes appears in the virus invasion, the body temperature can reach 39 ° C with headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, a few can be hypotension, myocarditis and so on. There is a tingling sensation and a burning sensation on the fingertips and the palmar surface, and the harbinger of the blister is the palm. Sometimes the blister can also occur in the oral mucosa. The blister formed in the mouth is convex and full. There is a congestion area around it. The blister fluid is clear and yellowish at the initial onset, and secondary blisters appear within 5 days after the primary blister subsides. . In the foot and palmar area, the blisters are flat due to the thicker skin. Oral blisters affect the diet swallowing.
4. Recovery period: Most patients who enter this period after a few days of high fever can get symptomatic treatment in time. They can recover completely within 2 weeks without sequelae. Infants and frail children and elderly patients may have severe vomiting, diarrhea and myocarditis. , circulatory disorders and secondary infections. Failure to treat in time can lead to serious consequences.
Examine
Foot and mouth disease inspection
1. Blood: The total number of white blood cells and neutrophils are mostly normal.
2. Serological test: ELISA is a commonly used diagnostic method for detecting FMDV infection. Compared with the complement test, neutralization test, indirect hemagglutination inhibition, and immunodiffusion precipitation test, it is sensitive, rapid, and inexpensive.
3. Molecular biology technology: RT-PCR is the most commonly used specific nucleic acid diagnostic method. Others such as nucleic acid hybridization, DNA recombination technology, nucleic acid sequence analysis, nucleotide fingerprint analysis, etc., have diagnostic and scientific value for the disease.
Diagnosis
Foot and mouth disease diagnosis and identification
Should pay attention to the differential diagnosis of blister caused by Coxsackie virus, herpes simplex virus. Patients with Coxsackie virus infection can have obvious fever and damage to myocardial enzymes. Both CK-MB and troponin T are increased, and viral nucleic acid PCR can be seen as positive. Herpes simplex virus infection usually causes flaky blisters, which may be accompanied by pain. The general history can be self-healing in 7 days.
