cold
Introduction
Introduction to colds The common cold is divided into the common cold and the common cold. Here we will discuss the common cold first. The common cold, the motherland medicine called "cold", is a common respiratory disease caused by a variety of viruses, 30% -50% of which is caused by a certain type of serotype of rhinovirus, although the common cold is mostly in the early winter, but any season For example, spring and summer can occur, and the virus of the cold in different seasons is not exactly the same. Influenza is an acute respiratory infection caused by influenza virus. The virus is present in the patient's respiratory tract and is transmitted to others by droplets when the patient coughs and sneezes. The flu is very contagious. Because the virus is easily mutated, even people who have had the flu will still become infected when they encounter the flu epidemic next time. Therefore, the flu is likely to cause an outbreak. Generally, there are many opportunities to be popular in winter and spring, and 20 to 40% of people may get the flu every time. basic knowledge The proportion of sickness: 0.6% Susceptible people: no specific population Mode of infection: droplet spread Complications: sinusitis rhinitis tonsillitis
Cause
Cause of cold
Virus (70%):
70%-80% of colds are caused by viruses, mainly influenza viruses (A, B, C), parainfluenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, rhinovirus, echovirus, coxsackie virus, measles virus, Rubella virus.
Bacterial infection (10%):
Bacterial infection can occur directly or after viral infection, hemolytic streptococcus is more common, followed by Haemophilus influenzae, pneumococci and staphylococcus, occasionally Gram-negative bacilli, the main manifestations of infection are rhinitis, throat Inflammation or tonsillitis.
Excessive fatigue (10%):
When there are induced factors such as cold, rain, excessive fatigue, etc., when the systemic or respiratory local defense function is reduced, the virus or bacteria that have existed in the upper respiratory tract or invaded from the outside can rapidly multiply, causing the disease, especially the weak young and old. Or have chronic respiratory diseases such as paranasal sinusitis, tonsillitis, more susceptible to rickets. Nasal cavity and pharyngeal mucosa congestion, edema, epithelial cell destruction, a small amount of mononuclear cell infiltration, serous and mucinous inflammatory exudation, secondary bacterial infection, neutrophil infiltration, a large number of purulent secretions.
Prevention
Cold prevention
The disease can occur throughout the year, often in winter and spring, and can be spread by virus-containing droplets or contaminated utensils. Most of them are sporadic, but they are often prevalent in climate change. Because of the type of virus, the human body The immunity produced by the virus infection is weak and short-lived, there is no cross-immunization, and there are virus carriers in healthy people, so one person may have multiple diseases within one year.
Enhancing the body's own disease resistance is the best way to prevent acute upper respiratory tract infections, such as adhering to regular and appropriate physical exercise, adhering to the cold water bath, improving the body's ability to prevent diseases and adapting to the cold, doing a good job of preventing cold and avoiding the disease. Inducement, regular life, avoid overwork, especially overwork at night, pay attention to the isolation of respiratory patients, prevent cross-infection.
Complication
Cold complications Complications sinusitis rhinitis tonsillitis
Can be complicated by acute sinusitis, otitis media, tracheal-bronchitis, some patients may be secondary to rheumatism, glomerulonephritis, myocarditis.
Symptom
Cold symptoms Common symptoms Headache, runny nose, fever, nasal congestion, sore throat, cold, fever, fever, cold, throat, dryness, burning, dryness, cough, itching, cough
Depending on the cause, clinical manifestations can be of different types:
1, rhinitis
The onset is more urgent. In the early stage, there is dry throat, itchy itch or burning sensation. At the same time or several hours after the onset, there may be sneezing, nasal congestion, and clear watery nose, which will thicken after 2-3 days. May be accompanied by sore throat. Generally no fever and systemic symptoms, or only low fever, discomfort, mild chills and headaches. Examination revealed nasal mucosal congestion, edema, secretions, and mild congestion of the pharynx.
2. Pharyngitis, laryngitis and bronchitis
According to the inflammatory reaction caused by the virus on the anatomical parts of the upper and lower respiratory tract infections, the clinical manifestations are pharyngitis, laryngitis and bronchitis.
3, angina
It is characterized by obvious sore throat and fever, and the course of disease is about one week. Examination showed visible pharyngeal congestion, soft palate, sag, pharyngeal and tonsil surface with grayish white herpes and superficial ulcers, surrounded by redness. More than in summer, more common children, occasionally in adults.
4, combined with film heat
Clinical manifestations of fever, sore throat, photophobia, tearing, pharyngeal and combined membranes were significantly congested. The course of disease is 4-6 days, which often occurs in summer and spreads during swimming. More common in children.
5, tonsillitis
Acute onset, obvious sore throat, chills, fever, body temperature can reach above 39 °C. Examination showed obvious hyperemia of the pharynx, tonsil enlargement, hyperemia, yellow spotted exudate on the surface, enlarged submandibular lymph nodes, tenderness, and no abnormal signs in the lungs.
Examine
Cold check
1, blood: viral infection see white blood cell count is normal or low, the proportion of lymphocytes increased, bacterial infection has white blood cell count and neutrophil enlargement and nuclear left shift phenomenon.
2, the determination of virus and virus antigen: as needed, immunofluorescence, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, serological diagnosis and virus isolation and identification, to determine the type of virus, distinguish between virus and bacterial infection, bacterial culture to determine the type of bacteria And drug sensitivity test.
Diagnosis
Cold diagnosis
diagnosis
It can be diagnosed based on clinical symptoms and laboratory tests.
Differential diagnosis
1, allergic rhinitis: clinically very similar to "cold", different from the onset of acute illness, nasal itching, frequent sneezing, clear watery nose, seizures related to environmental or temperature changes, sometimes abnormal odor can also occur, after Healed from a few minutes to 1-2 hours, check: pale nasal mucosa, edema, and smears of nasal secretions showed eosinophilia.
2, influenza: often obvious epidemics, acute onset, systemic symptoms, high fever, body aches, conjunctival inflammation, but the symptoms of the nasopharynx are lighter, taking the mucosal epithelial cells in the nasal wash Smear specimens, stained with fluorescently labeled influenza virus immune serum, and examined under a fluorescent microscope, are useful for early diagnosis, or for virus isolation or serological diagnosis.
3, prodromal symptoms of acute infectious diseases: such as measles, poliomyelitis, encephalitis, etc., often have upper respiratory symptoms in the early stages of the disease, should be closely observed in the epidemic season or epidemic areas of these diseases, and carry out the necessary laboratory tests to Differences.
