onychomycosis
Introduction
Introduction to onychomycosis Onychomycosis (hyperthyroidism) is a disease caused by dermatophytes invading the deck. It is a fungal disease that occurs under the nails and nails. Fungal infections cause changes in nail structure, color changes, and a fungal skin disease that infects each other, causing nail deformation, thickening, easy shedding, separation, and often one that causes multiple nails to be infected. basic knowledge Sickness ratio: 0.1%-0.5% Susceptible people: no specific people Mode of infection: contact spread Complications: paronychia hyperthyroidism
Cause
Causes of nail fungus
Peripheral neuropathy (10%):
Healthy nails are not susceptible to infection. The tendency of A-infected fungi may be related to genetics, diabetes and local arteriovenous circulation and lymphatic reflux disorders, peripheral neuropathic factors, etc. The fingernails that work in humid environments and are often traumatized are susceptible to fungal infections. Most of the toenail fungal diseases are directly transmitted by the athlete's foot. The nail fungal disease may be transmitted from the handcuffs or from the foot. The onychomycosis is more common in the toes than in the fingers. The pathogens of the onychomycosis include dermatophytes. Yeast and mold, the most common dermatophytes are Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton rubrum and flocculent epidermidis, the same A can infect two kinds of sputum, two dermatophytes plus one yeast (including horse Lactobacillus) or dermatophytes plus yeasts and molds.
Pathogen (25):
Hyperthyroidism is often caused by Trichophyton rubrum, Gypsum-like Trichophyton, Trichophyton rubrum, etc. Others such as Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton rubrum, Concentricity Trichophyton can cause hyperthyroidism. Fungal white nails are often caused by gypsum-like fungi, and occasionally can also be caused by cephalosporins, fusarium and aspergillus.
Fungus (35%):
Mycosis is caused by other filamentous fungi, yeast-like bacteria and yeasts. Most of them are found in malnourished nails. It has been confirmed that Candida albicans and short-staple fungi can cause onychomycosis. In recent years, it has been found. It is also common for Candida albicans to cause onychomycosis.
Prevention
Onychomycosis prevention
1. Prevent infection: Avoid using public footwear, towels and other sanitary ware; do not walk barefoot in public swimming pools, bathrooms, saunas, gyms, etc.
2. Improve personal hygiene: keep the skin dry, use talcum powder in summer; change clothes and socks frequently; avoid wearing non-breathable, non-absorbent, over-tight shoes and clothes, so that sweat can evaporate in time; minimize overheating Work in a humid environment; treat skin rickets that have already occurred in time to avoid infection with other parts of the body.
Complication
Onychomycosis complications Complications , paronychia, hyperthyroidism
Complications: The nails of hyperthyroidism are exposed to the outside. Once subjected to various traumas, the bacteria are prone to long-term drive, leading to complications such as paronychia, nail bed inflammation, and finger pyoderma.
Symptom
Symptoms of onychomycosis Common symptoms White nails abnormal nails Malnutrition Nail tips have defects Nail flat-shaped finger ring Meniscus pink nails dry nails Zhou Yan nails fragile nails uneven
Clinical features
1. The most common pathogen of hyperthyroidism is Trichophyton rubrum.
2. There are two types of hyperthyroidism, one is white armor, often starting from the root, the white surface appears on the deck surface, gradually expanding, causing the deck to soften and sink.
3. Another kind of damage starts from the free edge of the nail and the side wall, so that the deck has a small depression or a transverse groove, and gradually develops until the deck becomes brittle, brittle, thickened, brown inside, and the accumulation of debris under the arm is often easy. The nail is made empty, the lift is separated from the nail bed, and the surface of the deck is uneven, rough and dull.
4. The deck of onychomycosis often appears uneven, black, and the deck often has a slight atrophy, without thickening, often accompanied by paronychia.
classification
1, near-end under-type onychomycosis: less common, most secondary to paronychia, first the deck near the nail wrinkles (ie, near the heart of the deck) whitish, then gradually expand into spots, and finally the local deck is missing , extended to all A, this type is only caused by Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton rubrum.
2, the distal end of the underarm type of onychomycosis: the initial performance of the distal end (side edge) of the armor surface of the irregular small white spots, then become dull gray spots, and gradually turned yellow brown until black, soon The deck deteriorated, the horny debris accumulated under the nails, the nail bed thickened, and finally the deck became atrophied and occasionally bleeding. This type is often caused by red, gypsum-like or flocculent epidermis.
3, white superficial onychomycosis: common in the nails, the performance of the deck surface with white spots or white 1 mm diameter patch, the disease is brittle and scraped, this type is only by the gypsum-like fungus or mold Caused by bacteria, Fusarium and Aspergillus.
4, all-A malnutrition type of nail fungus: This is not common, often the result of the final development of the above types, the performance of the whole armor tarnish, deterioration, thickening or fragmentation, leaving an abnormal thickening after falling off bed.
5, chronic skin mucosa Candida type A (or true Candida hyperthyroidism) onychomycosis: the performance of the whole nail metamorphism, swelling, crisp, surface blemish, uneven.
6, chronic paronychia type onychomycosis: manifested as lateral nail folds and proximal nail wrinkles, epidermal membrane metamorphosis or browning, the most important feature is the presence of paronychia, a week wrinkles swelling and no hyperkeratosis There may be a small amount of exudate but never pus, and this type is also caused by Candida.
7, fungal nail-type nail fungus: manifested as a strong athlete's foot (commonly known as "Hong Kong feet") toe ditch, water rash.
Examine
Check of nail fungus
The surface of the nail, the under-crushed debris, and the microscopic examination of the nail tissue can often find fungal hyphae and spores, which can assist in the diagnosis, but can not determine the pathogenic strain; the above tissue is placed in the medium for culture, after 2-4 Weeks, pathogenic fungi can be isolated, which is conducive to the development of treatment options. Pathological examination can find the hyphae and spores can be diagnosed, is the gold standard for the diagnosis of onychomycosis, pay attention to pathological examination while doing fungal culture.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of nail fungus
Hyperthyroidism needs to be differentiated from other diseases caused by skin diseases and systemic diseases, such as psoriasis, congenital thick nails, congenital white nail disease, eczema, scleroderma, syringomyelia, Renault Disease, continuous acral dermatitis, exfoliative dermatitis, etc. can cause changes in nails. These nail diseases often involve several nails and often occur symmetrically.
