salivary gland cancer
Introduction
Introduction to parotid carcinoma Salivary gland cancer is a malignant tumor that occurs from the epithelial tissue of the parotid gland. It can be derived from the parotid gland, parotid gland, submandibular gland, and sublingual gland. It can also be derived from the small parotid gland (more common in the parotid gland), that is, any part of the parotid gland. All can occur, pathological classification: mucoepidermoid carcinoma, papillary cystadenocarcinoma, acinar cell carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and undifferentiated carcinoma. Introduction to parotid cancer: including salivary gland cancer, submandibular adenocarcinoma, sublingual adenocarcinoma, and small salivary gland cancer. Adenocarcinoma grows faster, the course of disease is shorter, the tumor is invasive, often has unclear boundaries with normal tissues, and the activity is poor, even fixed. The late stage can invade the skin, muscles, nerves and bone tissue, which can cause tumor surface ulcers. Symptoms such as pain and difficulty in opening the mouth may occur in the parotid gland and adhere to the external auditory canal, the tibia and the mandible. The submandibular gland may be fixed to the bottom of the mouth and the mandible. basic knowledge Sickness ratio: 0.0001% Susceptible people: no specific population Mode of infection: non-infectious Complications: facial paralysis
Cause
Cause of salivary gland cancer
Genetic factors (20%)
Genetics is a phenomenon similar between biological parents and offspring, and between offspring individuals. Generally refers to the phenomenon that the traits of the parent are expressed in the next generation. These genetic factors have been found to be related to the occurrence of salivary gland cancer.
Chronic injury (15%)
The human parotid gland is stimulated for a long time, repeatedly and continuously, so that it gradually becomes hypertrophy and hyperplasia, and beyond the compensatory ability, it forms a slight injury, accumulating and delaying into a chronic injury. It has also been found to be associated with the development of salivary gland cancer.
Radioactive material (15%)
Long-term exposure to ultraviolet light, X-rays and other radioactive substances can become carcinogenic factors, causing the occurrence of salivary gland cancer.
Environmental factors ( 20% )
The cause of salivary gland cancer has not yet been fully understood, but the current consensus is that the occurrence of most parotid gland cancer is related to environmental factors.
Prevention
Parotid gland cancer prevention
The prevention of salivary gland cancer is to reduce external stimuli and improve the body's disease resistance. Develop a healthy habit in life, a reasonable diet, regular exercise, and maintain a peaceful and comfortable state of mind.
Complication
Parotid gland cancer complications Complications
Accumulating facial nerves appear facial paralysis, destroying the parotid gland.
Symptom
Parotid gland cancer symptoms common symptoms ulcer pain soft palate superficial ulcer chronic ulcer mouth difficulty
Adenocarcinoma mainly occurs in the parotid gland and the parotid gland, which is more common in middle-aged and elderly patients.
Adenocarcinoma grows faster, the course of disease is shorter, the tumor is invasive, often has unclear boundaries with normal tissues, and the activity is poor, even fixed. The late stage can invade the skin, muscles, nerves and bone tissue, which can cause tumor surface ulcers. Symptoms such as pain and difficulty in opening the mouth may occur in the parotid gland and adhere to the external auditory canal, the tibia and the mandible. The submandibular gland may be fixed to the bottom of the mouth and the mandible.
(1) General form
The tumor is round or oval, most of which are non-enveloped, but incomplete, with a medium hardness and a grayish white cut.
(two) microscopic examination
Tumor cells have obvious atypia, different structures, some are solid masses or small cords, some can be seen in the formation of glandular cavities, some are arranged in a tubular or adenoid structure, generally considered to have a glandular structure, The degree of differentiation is higher, the degree of malignancy is lower, and the connective tissue between the small strips and small clumps is uncertain. Many of them are similar to hard cancer, and the interstitial is small and the cancer cells are called soft cancer.
(3) Biological characteristics
Adenocarcinoma has a high degree of infiltration and destructive growth characteristics. Adenocarcinoma is easy to invade blood vessels and lymphatic wall, and more blood and lymphatic metastasis appear.
Examine
Parotid gland cancer examination
1. Parotid gland mass, early can be similar to benign tumors, advanced growth, tumor fixation, pain, facial paralysis, regional lymphadenopathy.
2. Parotid gland angiography shows erosive destruction images (branched catheter destruction, lipiodol leakage, etc.), and the gland is seen to be damaged or squeezed by the unclear mass of the gland, and the contrast agent overflows.
3. Auxiliary inspection
(1) For clinical manifestations, the tumor is more limited than the ones to check the project to check the frame limit "A";
(2) For the atypical clinical manifestations, the differential diagnosis is more difficult, and the larger the tumor is closely related to the surrounding important structure or the suspected metastatic examination project may include the check boxes "B" and "C".
Tumors in the parotid gland generally do not advocate the use of biopsy. Because of its deep location, it is difficult to obtain the diseased tissue by biopsy, and it is easy to cause recurrence and metastasis when the biopsy is incision, and the tumor in the parotid gland is benign. Or malignant surgery, so generally in addition to preoperative examination to determine the nature of the tumor, frozen section examination can determine the nature of the tumor, and then determine the scope of surgery according to the results of the examination, after surgery to assist radiotherapy or chemotherapy according to the nature of the tumor However, it is not uncommon for the latter to be the main treatment. It is not uncommon for patients to lose treatment time in clinical practice.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis and differentiation of salivary gland cancer
The sputum cancer is prone to cystic changes, and the palpation can often be used to distinguish the texture of hard smear. This feature can be differentiated from pleomorphic adenoma, and the type of tumor is determined, which is more dependent on histological diagnosis.
Mainly differentiated from pleomorphic adenoma:
1. Visual inspection: The size of pleomorphic adenoma varies from a few millimeters in diameter to more than ten centimeters. The tumors are mostly round or oval, with a smooth surface or lobulated or nodular.
2. Light microscopy: The structure of pleomorphic adenoma is complex, different parts of the same tumor, or different anaplastic adenomas have different tissue images.
3. Immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy.
4. Other auxiliary examinations: Tumors located deep in the parotid gland, CT and dynamic contrast-enhanced CT after angiography can determine the location of the tumor, the relationship between the tumor and the internal carotid artery and vein, and the exclusion of extra-glandular tumors.
