Bacteriological examination of urine specimens

The bacteriological test of urine specimens is to test the urine specimens to determine the type and type of bacteria contained in the specimens in order to give the patient a targeted treatment test. In recent years, semi-automatic and automatic analyzers have been widely used in urine inspection. They are used in chemical test strip technology. The main items include pH, specific density, protein, glucose, ketone body, occult blood, bilirubin, urobilinogen, nitrite, etc. Newer instruments can also detect white blood cells, red blood cells and vitamin C, and urine sediment counters have also been introduced. Automated analyzers provide quantitative or semi-quantitative results to the clinic quickly and accurately. Basic Information Specialist classification: urinary examination classification: urine / kidney function test Applicable gender: whether men and women apply fasting: fasting Tips: Pay attention to normal eating habits and pay attention to personal hygiene. In particular, keep the urethra clean. Normal value Light yellow to amber, no bacteria causing urinary tract infection was detected. Clinical significance Abnormal results: (1) Light yellow to colorless is found in large amounts of drinking water, diabetes insipidus, and diabetes. (2) Orange to yellow brown bilirubin urine. Hepatocyte jaundice, obstructive jaundice, taking rhubarb, senna, etc. (3) brown or rich brown hemoglobinuria, hemolysis in the body, common in faba bean disease, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, blood type incompatibility. (4) Red hematuria. (5) Green bacterial urine (Pseudomonas aeruginosa). (6) Milky white is found in chyluria (filariasis, etc.), fatty urine. People who need to be examined: patients suspected of bacterial urine, fatty urine and other symptoms. Precautions Forbidden before examination: Pay attention to normal eating habits and pay attention to personal hygiene. In particular, keep the urethra clean. Requirements for inspection: Actively cooperate with the doctor. Inspection process In recent years, semi-automatic and automatic analyzers have been widely used in urine inspection. They are used in chemical test strip technology. The main items include pH, specific density, protein, glucose, ketone body, occult blood, bilirubin, urobilinogen, nitrite, etc. Newer instruments can also detect white blood cells, red blood cells and vitamin C, and urine sediment counters have also been introduced. Automated analyzers provide quantitative or semi-quantitative results to the clinic quickly and accurately. However, there are some limitations in several indicators. The following is a description of the application of some indicators of the urine analyzer. 1.Protein: It can report protein from ten to tenty (200-5000mg/L), but the test strip mainly reacts with albumin, so for severe glomerulonephritis, there is a large amount of urine. Molecular proteins are often negative or weakly positive and should be tested by sulfonylic acid or acetic acid heating. 2. Glucose: The test strip method is not affected by the interference factors of traditional methods, and the specificity and sensitivity are higher than the traditional methods. 3. Occultblood: It can detect hemoglobin and myoglobin in urine. When hemoglobin reaches 150μg/L and red blood cells are 5~10/μl, it can be positive. Some chemical strips have high sensitivity and normal urine. There are more false positives in the urine, and the heat-labile enzyme in the urine can also be false positive. The urine can be heated and boiled and then re-examined. If the urine contains a lot of vitamin C, it can cause false negatives. 4. Bilirubin: A bilirubin with a detectable content of ≥5 mg/L. When the urine contains a large amount of vitamin C, it can attenuate the positive. 5. Urobilinogen: It can detect urinary biliary tract with a content of 2-10 mg/L, which is not affected by urinary bilirubin content. 6. Nitrite: screening test for urinary tract infections. Any bacteria that can reduce the nitrate protein metabolite nitrate to nitrite is positive in this test, such as Enterobacteriaceae such as Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A small number of bacteria that are infected by the urinary system do not have the ability to reduce nitrates, such as non-fermenting bacteria such as Acinetobacter, or the bacteria stay in the bladder for too short a time, this test is negative. Therefore, the negative reaction can not completely rule out urinary tract infection, and other tests should be performed according to clinical manifestations. Not suitable for the crowd Inappropriate crowd: No. Adverse reactions and risks No obvious complications and harms.