blood lipid test

The blood lipid test is a quantitative method for measuring lipids contained in blood (plasma). Blood lipids are a general term for neutral fats (triglycerides and cholesterol) and lipids (phospholipids, glycolipids, sterols, and steroids) in plasma, and are widely present in humans. They are essential for the metabolism of living cells. Basic Information Specialist classification: cardiovascular examination classification: blood examination Applicable gender: whether men and women apply fasting: fasting Included items: serum cholesterol, apolipoprotein B (ApoB), apolipoprotein AI, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), cholesterol ester and total cholesterol ratio Food, fasting at 10 o'clock the day before the blood collection began, the next day from 9 am to 10 o'clock in the morning to take venous blood, that is, fasting for more than 12 hours in the morning to take blood. The last meal before the blood test should be avoided to avoid high-fat foods, do not drink alcohol, do not take certain drugs when checking, do not eat too greasy, high-protein foods the day before the test. Normal value 1, total cholesterol (TC) The normal range is 5.23 - 5.69 mmol / liter. 2, triglyceride (TG) The normal range varies widely, from 0.56 to 1.7 mmol/L. 3. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) The normal range is greater than 1.00 mmol/L. 4, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) The range is below 3.12 mmol/L. 5. Lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] Serum concentrations in healthy adults are less than 300 mg/L. 6, phospholipids (PL) The normal range is 1.3-3.2 mmol/L. 7, free fatty acids (FFA) The normal range is 0.4-0.9 mmol/L. Clinical significance Abnormal result 1, total cholesterol (TC) If it exceeds 5.72 mmol/L, it can be regarded as an increase in blood lipids. The level of total cholesterol depends mainly on diet, physical labor, environment, gender and age. Women will increase significantly after menopause; the concentration in the neonatal period is very low, and soon after the breastfeeding, it is close to the adult level; it also tends to increase with age. 2, triglyceride (TG) If it exceeds 1.7 mmol/L, it is elevated in triglycerides and is a risk factor for atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. If it is less than 0.56 mmol/liter, it is called hypotriglyceremia. Seen in some hereditary diseases lacking lipoproteins or secondary lipid metabolism abnormalities, such as digestive tract disorders, endocrine disorders (hyperthyroidism, chronic adrenal insufficiency), advanced tumors, cachexia, and the use of drugs such as heparin. 3, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C): It has many influencing factors, such as age, gender, ethnicity, diet, obesity, drinking and smoking, exercise, drugs and so on. 4. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C): The therapeutic goal of LDL-C in patients with hyperlipidemia is below 2.6 mmol/L. Increased is common in familial hypercholesterolemia, type IIa hyperlipoproteinemia. 5, lipoprotein (a) [Lp (a)]: increased in ischemic cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, myocardial infarction, surgery, acute trauma and inflammation, nephrotic syndrome and uremia, malignant tumors other than liver cancer, etc. . Lowering can be seen in liver disease because lipoproteins are synthesized in the liver. 6, phospholipids (PL): the most active synthesis in the liver, mainly secreted by bile and intestines, excreted from the feces. Phospholipids are also important constituents of cell membranes. Increased in cholestasis, primary cholestasis cirrhosis, hyperlipidemia, fatty liver, nephrotic syndrome and so on. In addition, he is important for the diagnosis of immature (fetal) secondary respiratory distress. 7, free fatty acid (FFA) under normal circumstances, the content of blood is extremely small, and is susceptible to various physiological and pathological changes. Therefore, it cannot be judged by one test result, and continuous dynamic observation is required. Increased in diabetes, hyperthyroidism, acromegaly, Cushing's disease, obesity, severe liver disease, acute pancreatitis, etc.; reduced in thyroid dysfunction, insulinoma, pituitary dysfunction, Edison's disease. Patients who need to be examined for coronary heart disease, coronary atherosclerosis, heart disease, and obese people. High results may be diseases: hypertriglyceridemia, hyperlipoproteinemia, diabetes and hypertension, three high symptoms, hyperlipidemia, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, obesity, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease Taboo before inspection: 1. Fasting, fasting at 10 o'clock in the evening before blood collection, venous blood taken from 9:00 to 10:00 in the morning, that is, taking blood in the morning for more than 12 hours on an empty stomach. 2, the last meal before the blood test should pay attention to avoid high-fat food; do not drink, because drinking can significantly increase the plasma triglyceride-rich lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) concentration, resulting in test results error. 3. Perform tests when the physiological and pathological conditions are relatively stable. Blood lipid levels can vary with some physiological and pathological conditions. Such as: trauma, acute infection, fever, myocardial infarction, women's menstruation, pregnancy and so on. 4, do not take certain drugs when checking, such as contraceptives, beta blockers (such as: propranolol), thiazide diuretics (such as hydrochlorothiazide, chlorthalidone), hormone drugs, etc. can affect blood lipid levels, The error that leads to the test. Do not eat too greasy, high-protein foods the day before, and avoid heavy drinking. The alcohol content in the blood directly affects the test results. Requirements for examination: When taking blood, you should relax your mind to avoid the contraction of blood vessels caused by fear and increase the difficulty of blood collection. Inspection process Vascular blood collection was used for testing. Before venous blood collection, carefully check that the needle is securely installed and that there is air and moisture in the syringe. The needle used should be sharp, smooth, ventilated, and the syringe should not leak. Firstly, the skin was disinfected from the inside to the outside and clockwise from the selected venipuncture with a 30g/L iodine swab. After the iodine was volatilized, the iodized trace was wiped out in the same way with a 75% ethanol swab. Fix the lower end of the venipuncture site with the thumb of the left hand, hold the syringe syringe with the thumb and middle finger of the right hand, and fix the needle lower seat with the index finger, so that the bevel of the needle and the scale of the syringe are upward, and the needle is inclined along the vein to make the needle and the skin obliquely penetrate the skin at an angle of 30°. Then, through the vein wall, enter the venous cavity forward at an angle of 5°. After seeing the blood return, the needle will be probed into the spot to avoid the needle slipping out when the blood is collected; but it is not possible to use a deep puncture to avoid hematoma, and immediately remove the cuff. Needle plug can only be pumped out, can not be pushed in, so as to avoid injecting air into the vein to form a gas plug, causing serious consequences. Remove the syringe needle and slowly inject the blood into the anticoagulation tube along the tube wall to prevent hemolysis and foam. In addition to patients in bed, the examinee should generally take a rest for 5 minutes before taking blood. The tourniquet should not be used for more than 1 minute during venipuncture. Not suitable for the crowd 1. Patients who have taken contraceptives, thyroid hormones, steroid hormones, etc., may affect the results of the examination and prohibit patients who have recently taken the drug history. 2, special diseases: patients with hematopoietic function to reduce disease, such as leukemia, various anemia, myelodysplastic syndrome, etc., unless the examination is essential, try to draw less blood. Adverse reactions and risks 1, subcutaneous hemorrhage: due to pressing time less than 5 minutes or blood draw technology is not enough, etc. can cause subcutaneous bleeding. 2, discomfort: the puncture site may appear pain, swelling, tenderness, subcutaneous ecchymosis visible to the naked eye. 3, dizzy or fainting: in the blood draw, due to emotional overstress, fear, reflex caused by vagus nerve excitement, blood pressure decreased, etc. caused by insufficient blood supply to the brain caused by fainting or dizziness. 4. Risk of infection: If you use an unclean needle, you may be at risk of infection.