Serological response

Serological reactions refer to the binding reactions of the corresponding antigens and antibodies in vitro. Since antibodies are mainly present in serum, serum containing antibodies is generally used as an experimental material for such reactions, so the antigen and antibody reactions in vitro are called serological reactions. Such reactions are based on the principle that antigens and antibodies are highly specific, that is, one side is known to detect the presence of the other. It can be both qualitative and quantitative. Known antibodies can be used to detect unknown antigens, such as pathogenic microorganisms; known antigens can also be used to detect unknown antibodies, such as to assist in the diagnosis of a disease. Basic Information Specialist classification: growth and development examination classification: blood examination Applicable gender: whether men and women apply fasting: fasting Tips: Avoid taking oxidative drugs before taking the test and keep taking blood on an empty stomach. Normal value (1) There is no cross-reaction when the antigen binds to the antibody. (2) The properties of the antigen and antibody after dissociation are unchanged. (3) There is no unbound antigen or antibody free in the supernatant. Clinical significance Abnormal results: (1) The binding of an antigen to an antibody is highly specific, but when a common antigenic determinant is present on two different antigen molecules, a cross-reaction may occur when bound to an antibody. (2) Binding of an antigen to an antibody is a binding of a molecular surface. Although the combination of the two is quite stable, but reversible, dissociation can occur under certain conditions, and the antigen and antibody properties after dissociation remain unchanged. (3) The combination of antigen and antibody is in a certain proportion, and a visible reaction occurs only when the ratio is appropriate. If the ratio of antigen to antibody is not suitable, unbound antigen or antibody will be released from the supernatant, and a large immune complex cannot be formed, so that no visible reaction can be exhibited. People with blood diseases who need to be examined, people who are exposed to infectious diseases. Precautions Contraindications before the test: Avoid taking oxidative drugs and keeping blood on an empty stomach. Requirements for inspection: No special requirements. Inspection process The peripheral blood mainly has ear lobe blood and fingertips to take blood. The baby can take blood from the heel. The earlobe has a lighter blood pressure, but the blood volume is less, especially those with smaller earlobes are more difficult to take blood. The blood pressure of the fingertips is more obvious, but the blood collection is more, especially for the blood routine test, the stable measurement results can be obtained. The skin should be cleaned before blood collection. Do not take blood immediately after entering the room in the cold outdoor winter. After the body is warm, especially the ear drops and hands should be warmed up. Do not use hot water to heat your hands before taking blood. Keep your fingers dry. If your fingertips have wounds, paronychia, redness or skin disease, avoid using this finger. Fingertip blood collection generally uses the ring finger, because the ring finger will not affect the daily function of the hand after piercing, of course, the middle finger or index finger can also be used, no special difference. When collecting blood in the ear, remove the earrings and other hanging ornaments on the earlobe. Do not hang up immediately after blood collection. After blood collection, apply sterile cotton blocks or other disinfecting hemostatic articles to pinch the needle and puncture the area. Do not touch the dirt. Do not wash your hands immediately. Serum was separated and tested. Not suitable for the crowd 1. Patients who have taken contraceptives, thyroid hormones, steroid hormones, etc., may affect the results of the examination and prohibit patients who have recently taken the drug history. 2, special diseases: suffering from hematopoietic function reduction, inappropriate population: repeated hemolysis. Patients with disease, such as leukemia, various anemia, myelodysplastic syndrome, etc., unless the examination is essential, try to draw less blood. Adverse reactions and risks 1, subcutaneous hemorrhage: due to pressing time less than 5 minutes or blood draw technology is not enough, etc. can cause subcutaneous bleeding. 2, discomfort: the puncture site may appear pain, swelling, tenderness, subcutaneous ecchymosis visible to the naked eye. 3, dizzy or fainting: in the blood draw, due to emotional overstress, fear, reflex caused by vagus nerve excitement, blood pressure decreased, etc. caused by insufficient blood supply to the brain caused by fainting or dizziness. 4. Risk of infection: If you use an unclean needle, you may be at risk of infection.